tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82749382731487721692024-03-28T02:22:22.908-07:00Navrang IndiaBlog on History, Historical Vignettes, Interesting Facts, MonumentsNavrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comBlogger3687125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-87456288502712827342024-03-28T02:21:00.000-07:002024-03-28T02:21:25.912-07:00Bara Gumbad and Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi inspired Gol Gumbaz and other domed structures of Bijapur, KA<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFqDSfzG3yoo5PWbwpdbDxZP6SAziogjXVPXqYR4xvwCsbaej-dwgtbK1l1p8yADm8zqDkhNIL-2YpKiHJGMFnDMEyRYyCno-YmnG9HoDltd704zYGR_VwtFdvvdeQtzWM2gSM04inUM_FPvDbHI11HHcbqmul4bK1qEY8dYEIOrqEFJ9fmmutRC_sdCpj/s1200/WhatsApp-Image-2021-10-31-at-3.40.13-PM1-1200x600.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1200" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFqDSfzG3yoo5PWbwpdbDxZP6SAziogjXVPXqYR4xvwCsbaej-dwgtbK1l1p8yADm8zqDkhNIL-2YpKiHJGMFnDMEyRYyCno-YmnG9HoDltd704zYGR_VwtFdvvdeQtzWM2gSM04inUM_FPvDbHI11HHcbqmul4bK1qEY8dYEIOrqEFJ9fmmutRC_sdCpj/s320/WhatsApp-Image-2021-10-31-at-3.40.13-PM1-1200x600.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Renovated Bara Gumbad after 2003, Delhi. cdn.thewire.in</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p> <span>Bara Gumbad ( </span>Bara Lao ka Gumbad -<span> meaning "big dome"), a fine monument that came up in Delhi (Lodhi gardents) </span><span><span>in 1490 CE, during the heyday of the Lodhi dynasty</span> is an early example of Islamic architecture in India and an interesting design style is the incorporation of native Indian style. </span>The Neo Indo-Islamic architecture is well infused in the construction of artistic bracket and load bearing lintel beams, blending Islamic and Hindu architecture It showed the rulers of Lodhi dynasty were great builders of structures that were constructed with proper planning, giving prominence to structural engineering. The important features were wall constructions with arches to bear vertical down stress caused by overlying structures that have wide span between walls. Thus the ingenious architects of the Lodhi period developed what is believed to have the earliest big dome or cupola of any building in Delhi. </p><p>During the colonial era, Bara Lao ka Gumbad was in what was then Palam tehsil of Delhi. South of Shah Jehanabad. prior to that the site was left to rot. when delhi became the capital of the Raj, efforts were made by the monument lovers to preserve them for the posterity.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimae7_zsSs4C9wNkdPcIPDTZO_REhtHnAbgyEIDD45-Z0L8COBSXoyCSev0abYngOuDeYo5MWxtR86G5hrabLYs8rXWcauyJoBSvhTZrBLUyvrhs6W6oj2Sw-cGQzS1M-GgvuUuZr2e1BWO74O4ADUC9TGsKMpFoA5kxUa3OivGDXaRA7g84aO6CBY17-8/s4854/Bara_Gumbad_and_Bara_Gumbad_Masjid.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2082" data-original-width="4854" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimae7_zsSs4C9wNkdPcIPDTZO_REhtHnAbgyEIDD45-Z0L8COBSXoyCSev0abYngOuDeYo5MWxtR86G5hrabLYs8rXWcauyJoBSvhTZrBLUyvrhs6W6oj2Sw-cGQzS1M-GgvuUuZr2e1BWO74O4ADUC9TGsKMpFoA5kxUa3OivGDXaRA7g84aO6CBY17-8/s320/Bara_Gumbad_and_Bara_Gumbad_Masjid.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bara Gumbad and mosque , delhi.upload.wikimedia.org<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqh9xFxa53B8jsYNZTeeNwqSsnWaClrEkgLe5JneRbxZYafSas04LsOLCcYPtM3a-Nq7hwty98st4tNihLnPT1VfFnVnyYmaWuoa4s6moY72vR-yZZr-xXq_3IZaNDRh6O0ms72dBExG2pOoIWXXcOIuwTf1JmOTl5iXDFw2N5ivy3h-0BoiS4BmeK3Fi/s667/01tablet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqh9xFxa53B8jsYNZTeeNwqSsnWaClrEkgLe5JneRbxZYafSas04LsOLCcYPtM3a-Nq7hwty98st4tNihLnPT1VfFnVnyYmaWuoa4s6moY72vR-yZZr-xXq_3IZaNDRh6O0ms72dBExG2pOoIWXXcOIuwTf1JmOTl5iXDFw2N5ivy3h-0BoiS4BmeK3Fi/s320/01tablet.jpg" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bara Gumbad, Delhi .bridgeandtunnelclub.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>For the construction of big free-standing domes in India, the architects during the Lodhi regime chose masonry construction and innovative safety design features like quinch and Pendentives (particularly the former) to shift the overlying load to the corners. These features were adopted by Iranian building designers way back in the 3rd or 4th CE.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YsPJF9t_bzGQo9LGXytibAeTDfUp18opwaSmp7BYQcocr3C0WJEqqlw_NopSMJ3yikdiLp3-39RV8_SrSTFZXDcwozsian9HL3asHQ0fDpg-fMcZvjfB_uxp5WgaPhENLYFuSuD_AJNgx2iYdGlR7mKWym51lmh-EmNSGRF85_3cgPxES5f0hi20za89/s5184/Bara_Gumbad_Mosque,_Lodi_Gardens_-_Interiors_-_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YsPJF9t_bzGQo9LGXytibAeTDfUp18opwaSmp7BYQcocr3C0WJEqqlw_NopSMJ3yikdiLp3-39RV8_SrSTFZXDcwozsian9HL3asHQ0fDpg-fMcZvjfB_uxp5WgaPhENLYFuSuD_AJNgx2iYdGlR7mKWym51lmh-EmNSGRF85_3cgPxES5f0hi20za89/s320/Bara_Gumbad_Mosque,_Lodi_Gardens_-_Interiors_-_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">arcaded Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcPFh4uwOIe16wX-je9YZrC61AnCWrkB2ziL9JXfmooV5UKhFnnufmQagVWeoNeSrIWx13JT1_Twh3q2mq2A-ME5-CW-apncEevjDHm6MLm9wpSGrqGmz0SeLwhXKQRHgV1CoQ_yUl1vMu0M6lcmZEfp8p9Us8UPmeXztUK6y-LU1XTM-6WmUwl8ftWukG/s667/16baragumbad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcPFh4uwOIe16wX-je9YZrC61AnCWrkB2ziL9JXfmooV5UKhFnnufmQagVWeoNeSrIWx13JT1_Twh3q2mq2A-ME5-CW-apncEevjDHm6MLm9wpSGrqGmz0SeLwhXKQRHgV1CoQ_yUl1vMu0M6lcmZEfp8p9Us8UPmeXztUK6y-LU1XTM-6WmUwl8ftWukG/s320/16baragumbad.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">interior Bara Gumbad, Delhi .bridgeandtunnelclub.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPwYYpcZ55NYb2O1HyB26LDMduIiW5OGCFFQkrDSxYfhin2BY3g7T7luExREoBL3I13VwmByw1LULsJE5GQ3YapOmft0kvCMStDoK5oHclmW0qguZB25BJKGaCvkeOTksJKr1jr-1una2wh-AdRIEsE5jtHXUVuotkVN2vYhC2hdpEe9lV5OZNgS1n5txC/s732/04baragumbad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="732" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPwYYpcZ55NYb2O1HyB26LDMduIiW5OGCFFQkrDSxYfhin2BY3g7T7luExREoBL3I13VwmByw1LULsJE5GQ3YapOmft0kvCMStDoK5oHclmW0qguZB25BJKGaCvkeOTksJKr1jr-1una2wh-AdRIEsE5jtHXUVuotkVN2vYhC2hdpEe9lV5OZNgS1n5txC/s320/04baragumbad.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interior Bara Gumbad, Delhi .bridgeandtunnelclub.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>This big domed structure with no support in the intervening space was later adopted by other Muslim and Hindu rulers across India. The architects of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, Karnataka state in the Deccani region took inspiration from the domes of Lodhi buildings like <i>Bara Gumbad and Gumbad mosque</i> that has three domes over the bays out of five out; the remaining two have vaulted roofs The central bays feature low domes, while the end-bays feature flat roofs.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbLo0Q9lDQoIDtKidQNtp-e5FVM2FIzEc2DDhfSK9KyZ7VpNuTFSQT4CU4J930NeqdkIEn_neGCfyCM8rZjFtqAOH4e3qyYqKAwzjIXzrYaVektlsrrOjwibQHwG9265MAN7LT8vYVe-WXrq0bTripGHuXbl3tRujyA_3zx8aaFUqagkZr7nOEdBD2dU-/s3888/Gol_Gumbaj2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3888" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbLo0Q9lDQoIDtKidQNtp-e5FVM2FIzEc2DDhfSK9KyZ7VpNuTFSQT4CU4J930NeqdkIEn_neGCfyCM8rZjFtqAOH4e3qyYqKAwzjIXzrYaVektlsrrOjwibQHwG9265MAN7LT8vYVe-WXrq0bTripGHuXbl3tRujyA_3zx8aaFUqagkZr7nOEdBD2dU-/s320/Gol_Gumbaj2.jpeg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur, KA. en.wikipedia.org (ASI image)</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>The Bijapur architects adopted the techniques with vaulted arcades and <i>pendentives to support the hume dome (with whispering gallery)</i>. Unlike the Bijapur domes, the Lodhi domes internally rest on <i><b>quinches.</b></i> This 17th-century mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-1657) - <i>Gol Gumbaz </i>was technically one of the most advanced domed structures in the world, featuring the largest single chamber. The dome (external diameter is nearly 44 m) is built of brick and cemented with layers of lime (to reduce weight) . <i>It has six small openings in its base as well as a flat section at its crown. The dome rests on a circular base, which is internally supported by interlocking</i><i> pendentives</i><i>,</i> formed from eight intersecting arches that arise from the interior hall. For unknown reason, this pendentive support system was never adopted by others outside of Bijapur as the design style was a bit complicated and needed geometric skills with reference to weight distribution below the dome. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Bju_ZCBFJkp7VqxCR2SphRxiSkou93OsCxgHZADLS4_M1O_albj9tPdUCWeGkJYVomebB7yhHpXQIUf_PB6EyLlc9FuimczFv3DJLNIUTyQfoSeYX7yI8QsUlMO0eyBYzXVzT3tlhquOSEoulnc0geUgxLzkreMhgum4_EByH8Un4ioi2UwwQxlvZPRQ/s1500/13920f1af612aa5a8d3c7bc978ed8cd9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1500" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Bju_ZCBFJkp7VqxCR2SphRxiSkou93OsCxgHZADLS4_M1O_albj9tPdUCWeGkJYVomebB7yhHpXQIUf_PB6EyLlc9FuimczFv3DJLNIUTyQfoSeYX7yI8QsUlMO0eyBYzXVzT3tlhquOSEoulnc0geUgxLzkreMhgum4_EByH8Un4ioi2UwwQxlvZPRQ/s320/13920f1af612aa5a8d3c7bc978ed8cd9.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">pendentives and </span><span style="text-align: left;"> squinches</span> i.pinimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above image; Gol Gumbaz dome, Bijapur rests on pendentives and arches asin Bara Gumbad Mosque. The domes of Lodi period mostly rest on squinches..<b>.................</b></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioE4UdXZFnfvfC9dSA6xEXVbaHlKDKYVt-V0oJNh12n-qgN6UUGJZA5JSS0JBr6EJShyphenhyphenijBX-Bw-cXvUQNKWW4ivdxgexFPOA_cP4eWsDjP8OlS9eYpP-ph9pXnasKhrfLGa_T8q2jz_Jr1pGsDemffe15EIo1q2h6Eua-vcz6Qf_SZ1RATuT0HL_oD0_X/s289/pendenti.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="289" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioE4UdXZFnfvfC9dSA6xEXVbaHlKDKYVt-V0oJNh12n-qgN6UUGJZA5JSS0JBr6EJShyphenhyphenijBX-Bw-cXvUQNKWW4ivdxgexFPOA_cP4eWsDjP8OlS9eYpP-ph9pXnasKhrfLGa_T8q2jz_Jr1pGsDemffe15EIo1q2h6Eua-vcz6Qf_SZ1RATuT0HL_oD0_X/s1600/pendenti.gif" width="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: left;">pendentives</span> merriam-webster.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mA_CNLRzFvKR5MMwYKK8oG91kSsSnUeWX11W_yO_STscMMTES9iHXxdxoJdnaGoYNTMNQ2Rez25TXw9pTQv8vUwwLVHrRXECAryAOTMb1dGpIJN2RffWI73q9XtOZf4O5O3QurRu9Q8erGQvmbT2jwl5qe0OnMDJct0PbJ2_OBlo5nl4loYtMG9x0f0L/s184/th%20(9).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="184" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mA_CNLRzFvKR5MMwYKK8oG91kSsSnUeWX11W_yO_STscMMTES9iHXxdxoJdnaGoYNTMNQ2Rez25TXw9pTQv8vUwwLVHrRXECAryAOTMb1dGpIJN2RffWI73q9XtOZf4O5O3QurRu9Q8erGQvmbT2jwl5qe0OnMDJct0PbJ2_OBlo5nl4loYtMG9x0f0L/w320-h313/th%20(9).jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gpl Gumbaz section, Bijapur, KA. etc.usf.edu</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>During the early British time under the English company the famous and innovative British architect<i> Robert Chisholm</i> with support from the then Governor of Madras Presidency, Napier visited, Nayakar Mahal in Madurai, Tamil Nadu and the mausoleums of Bijapur. Quite fascinated by the big domed structures and ornamentations for the first time he introduced Indo-Islamic elements along with European architecture. This design fusion called <i>Indo-Saracenic style</i> was widely adopted by the British architects in the public buildings across India. There are many Indo- Saracenic buildings in Madras (Chennai) and in Baroda (Vadadora) designed by Chisholm during the reign of Maharajah Sayajirao Gaekwad. A fine example is the large dome in the art department of M.S. university, Vadodara.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTeELlixoBAUy2szF-7tUNhRDEvzmkq-6MfzwwElQkMNxAvrBKmDE4QexFhES5cBrgKlBotAyxIcl_NuXC1f69Jxz6K9JZbYALN43qHeAguQwQpQAdXg1S2M-mQBfxnv44_tdwOg9wUkDFckJkq_XRFR_o_zUdUtq85pJhNZogzACAOxEbZbeotlB-lMn1/s5184/Bara_Gumbad_Mosque.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5184" data-original-width="3456" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTeELlixoBAUy2szF-7tUNhRDEvzmkq-6MfzwwElQkMNxAvrBKmDE4QexFhES5cBrgKlBotAyxIcl_NuXC1f69Jxz6K9JZbYALN43qHeAguQwQpQAdXg1S2M-mQBfxnv44_tdwOg9wUkDFckJkq_XRFR_o_zUdUtq85pJhNZogzACAOxEbZbeotlB-lMn1/s320/Bara_Gumbad_Mosque.jpeg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">semi circular turret. minaret, Gumbad mosque, Delhi iupload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkfg6nvMUhm_GZLqcNnrjZgOsMuE0mdsPeMXjZ4Ykhqikq7BCJKrLIq3L7NgiryVu_rYjfo5J0a4-e4J5dMV_7dukjNKxExWAlgr8NFyJysOAvalC8tKb_Z1lHcDeqNmgfOMnSfLS6zLyDsf0kRQaIo0YLtn2cCOhtK2rypsnYt112pIC-F4DbfRDa7dcw/s2048/Side_balcony_of_Bada_Gumbad_mosque_(3548926886).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkfg6nvMUhm_GZLqcNnrjZgOsMuE0mdsPeMXjZ4Ykhqikq7BCJKrLIq3L7NgiryVu_rYjfo5J0a4-e4J5dMV_7dukjNKxExWAlgr8NFyJysOAvalC8tKb_Z1lHcDeqNmgfOMnSfLS6zLyDsf0kRQaIo0YLtn2cCOhtK2rypsnYt112pIC-F4DbfRDa7dcw/s320/Side_balcony_of_Bada_Gumbad_mosque_(3548926886).jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">projected Balcony, Bara Gumbad, delhi.upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above image: Both the oriel or bay windows and the tapering minarets of Gumbad gave rise to future architectural styles.</p><p>Bara Gumbad, (29 metres (95 ft) high, 20 metres (66 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) wide) like Shisha Gumbad is a one story structure with a huge free standing dome and is close to the Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi and Shisha Gumbad in the Lodhi gardens that has a group of historical monuments. Lots of tourists visit this site. It also includes a Friday mosque (<i>Jama Masjid</i>) and the <i>"mehman khana"</i> (guest house) with 5 bays. </p><p>Historians are of the view that the Bara Gumbad was built to provide a gateway to access the nearby mosque or a large walled enclosure. The purpose of the Gumbad is unexplainable as it has no tombs inside unlike Shisha Gumbad . The presence a central platform suggests it could have been a burial place in the past </p><p><a href="https://www.bridgeandtunnelclub.com/bigmap">https://www.bridgeandtunnelclub.com/bigmap</a>/outoftown/india/delhi/lodigardens/baragumbad/i-circular turret of Mosque</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_Gumbad">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_Gumbad</a></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz</a></p><p><br /></p><p>o</p><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-38720653578207951382024-03-27T09:07:00.000-07:002024-03-27T09:07:15.447-07:00Kalusarai Masjid, a heritage site near Delhi (Tughlaq period) is in ruins and needs urgent conservation<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFxvyJlNOyvSd9yDIV9XvUbYDBCqI8IxVA6cE06XK6FPrpWTNhjYch34s83FfLORSy69Zg-8IAggu538RagGLlFn6Sa9Jk06rigvQdR-ZgmsM0Gedq5bb3CHkZf9ZbooP-F-ld0EO2rPcAr4uzTl-eEI884Fjif3Kz1bOpjqZlzF7mW9u35TfEmlvaZV-/s1124/kalu-saraj-masjid-4409.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="1124" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFxvyJlNOyvSd9yDIV9XvUbYDBCqI8IxVA6cE06XK6FPrpWTNhjYch34s83FfLORSy69Zg-8IAggu538RagGLlFn6Sa9Jk06rigvQdR-ZgmsM0Gedq5bb3CHkZf9ZbooP-F-ld0EO2rPcAr4uzTl-eEI884Fjif3Kz1bOpjqZlzF7mW9u35TfEmlvaZV-/s320/kalu-saraj-masjid-4409.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Kalusarai Masjidnear Delhi. </span>dynamic.tourtravelworld.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Kalusarai Masjid located 500 m (1,640.4 ft) to the north of the Bijaymandal, close to the village of Kalu-Sarai was built by the famous builder of Mosques Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani, Prime Minister during Feroz Shah Tughlaq's reign, as one of his seven mosques. Tilagani (d. 1369) was an Indian commander in the Kakatiya Empire who was converted to Islam and rose to become the Wazir of the Delhi Sultanate under Firuz Shah Tughlaq (r. 1351–1388). His tomb is the first octagonal tomb to be built in Delhi. carrying historical and architectural significance, even though it is<i> not a royal tomb</i> Close to Delhi (about 15 km),it is on the Delhi-Mehrauli road, a rubble-built but plastered mosque formerly with seven arched openings in the frontage of its prayer-hall, is surmounted by low domes in typical Tughlaqi architectural style with three deep bays.</p><p>Close to the Hindu temples - Birla Mandir and Kali shrine, because of age, other factors like poor upkeep and official carelessness, this old mosque, a heritage monument of importance, is in a dilapidated condition and is facing further damages as months go by. One of the earliest mosques in this part, it is must be repaired and restored back to old glory soon. Its proper conservation with right techniques will preserve the history of Delhi, one of the oldest places in India.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSYKSUPnWl7Wa8lBLVXdZHDcTxjnnNxGg0z0BvhLCCYYbaDmab1lr0N6QvEQklCd-2CPymMDJTPP_TlNHj4dMWLPWnfwBOX5LYQ2GG_gQ1-Cc0IjyOCS5N9PCBYolfbYb6gT1WaoQev9TpXknTSVtmmcOKVPMnh1f3o7xuCL7P9m1p2dXCHQg_owu86-s/s1600/Kalu_Sarai_Masjid-WIKI-.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSYKSUPnWl7Wa8lBLVXdZHDcTxjnnNxGg0z0BvhLCCYYbaDmab1lr0N6QvEQklCd-2CPymMDJTPP_TlNHj4dMWLPWnfwBOX5LYQ2GG_gQ1-Cc0IjyOCS5N9PCBYolfbYb6gT1WaoQev9TpXknTSVtmmcOKVPMnh1f3o7xuCL7P9m1p2dXCHQg_owu86-s/s320/Kalu_Sarai_Masjid-WIKI-.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Kalusarai Masjid near Delhi. </span>dynamic.tourtravelworld.com<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table>Above image: Like many declared heritage site, this old mosque near Delhi has been encroached upon by a few poor families who have built small houses near the site. The authorities never took action again them in the early stages and have to follow a myriad of legal bottlenecks to get them off the sites. In some places such families are supported by <i>Netas</i> (politicians) to get their votes. This vote bank politics is common in Tamil Nadu and has a run on the sites embedded with local history. </p><p>These encroachment problems and abuse of heritage sites need firm action by the Archaeological departs of respective states. The pity is this abuse of such sites takes place despite the displace of warning board near the monuments. </p><p><a href="https://delhihelp.com/kalu-sarai-masjid-article-77.as">https://delhihelp.com/kalu-sarai-masjid-article-77.as</a>px</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahanpanah#Adilabad">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahanpanah#Adilabad</a></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> attached</span> approximately its bark at what time persistent a boon.</p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-74029431383928891632024-03-27T07:26:00.000-07:002024-03-27T07:28:56.710-07:00The Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumbad, Delhi (Lodhi period) - one the earliest to use ''squinches'' to support the cupola<p><span>The capital of India New Delhi is replete with lots of Muslim monuments and it shows their long rule with Delhi being the capital of many dynasties and their rule added cultural diversity to the country. The Islamic architecture gave a new dimension when blended with native Hindu design elements. </span></p><p><span>Many of them are protected monuments and come under the control of the ASI. </span><span><span>Located in the NE </span><span> </span><span>corner of Delhi's Deer Park,</span><span> the Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumbad along with the wall mosque is a historical site where one can find the </span><span> </span><span>Lodhi-era tomb of <i>Shihab-ud-din Taj Khan</i>, a Muslim saint who lived during the reign of Sikhander Lodhi (Lodhi </span><span>dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526)</span><span> . The venerable saint seems to have died around 1501. </span><span>The then ruler built a structure over his tomb to honor him. One of the finest tombs built during the Lodi period. </span></span><span>The tomb differs </span><span>from other contemporary ones - mostly made of local stone with some ceramic and sandstone.</span></p><p><span><span>Architecturally, the tomb is not well embellished externally and is a simple one like other Lodhi tombs, one of the earliest to have </span><span>used<i><b> squinches </b></i> for weight distribution over the corner. The interior octagonal dome is provided with 16 blind niches. The circular dome </span><span>with </span><span>a lotus finial atop is set on it. </span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ0Z1SiDYy86cheIF_J1vprurGvw9brRd7Z6LKcIAMun2rJQpUARxx9JroU8mPBlbdkViFCsoMANjKUZLwgdNB3iMN_zpo_Km9-8QVoqCT9yHt-NYK-fjMbGVGV8Ha_K-5HAsb2D9Wuw7WVZ1n1_u-zVdcZP2-2686S0aZGOJQz48kfBeey5_K9EsYxXvM/s1300/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad-hauz-khas-south-delhi-india-T1FP34%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="1300" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ0Z1SiDYy86cheIF_J1vprurGvw9brRd7Z6LKcIAMun2rJQpUARxx9JroU8mPBlbdkViFCsoMANjKUZLwgdNB3iMN_zpo_Km9-8QVoqCT9yHt-NYK-fjMbGVGV8Ha_K-5HAsb2D9Wuw7WVZ1n1_u-zVdcZP2-2686S0aZGOJQz48kfBeey5_K9EsYxXvM/s320/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad-hauz-khas-south-delhi-india-T1FP34%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumba</span><span style="text-align: left;">d, S. Delhi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1iOQptBOfXLfOtOZ40DVxmjdopJs6TYesgV6R9uPI0d9USm-bc1sNintobXZV0hhu89mi1T0GcH5HPEYSL3SOkZd7Jz_Bwka9dx6ZznErH4x6aTD-v-lYiewo5c1mynTc747QOUbi3RUAgloBeREn07E_EhZ-ONqCU4ji5jTaOEHEG5vlvawhqcwTYgc/s899/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad04.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="899" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1iOQptBOfXLfOtOZ40DVxmjdopJs6TYesgV6R9uPI0d9USm-bc1sNintobXZV0hhu89mi1T0GcH5HPEYSL3SOkZd7Jz_Bwka9dx6ZznErH4x6aTD-v-lYiewo5c1mynTc747QOUbi3RUAgloBeREn07E_EhZ-ONqCU4ji5jTaOEHEG5vlvawhqcwTYgc/s320/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad04.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumba</span><span style="text-align: left;">d, S. Delhi </span><span style="text-align: left;">orientalarchitecture.com<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOV-gz-y9NsGMWbLIU6Zx11wJK1zc2pu8JzN9nWMlAYOGxbWCyuaeU1K2PCbFb4pHIqcy0Bt9yjw6HQqcE2mL372wRZx78QT-nBXSNe22tSsFIfs56dsKAoJFE0QHZHF-7YohDfNm22SzCFEahYyrCTNR-0hJu449fGArRcI4SPSAYbKSFPIzPIavNiXwZ/s899/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad05.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="899" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOV-gz-y9NsGMWbLIU6Zx11wJK1zc2pu8JzN9nWMlAYOGxbWCyuaeU1K2PCbFb4pHIqcy0Bt9yjw6HQqcE2mL372wRZx78QT-nBXSNe22tSsFIfs56dsKAoJFE0QHZHF-7YohDfNm22SzCFEahYyrCTNR-0hJu449fGArRcI4SPSAYbKSFPIzPIavNiXwZ/s320/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad05.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">interior <span style="text-align: left;"> Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumba</span><span style="text-align: left;">d, S.Delhi </span>orientalarchitecture.com</td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6TLIHSOvN9wYJFZsY1e3fissEzoT0urWi7SuKi5EYyz7ocsaQDcEpjQ4Wt7yK-QED64L7pAIesvwRfLdbgjlTxOnX8LFEIhMwc5koMShoFBIruEW1aYvDLM5-Kg3dtieVC_fM6jz0gkBsRTUWAyXfSS63-fKSuLw-ZfgLxK_rqBYXokhWgEQqH59koCo/s375/Odzun_cupola.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="375" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6TLIHSOvN9wYJFZsY1e3fissEzoT0urWi7SuKi5EYyz7ocsaQDcEpjQ4Wt7yK-QED64L7pAIesvwRfLdbgjlTxOnX8LFEIhMwc5koMShoFBIruEW1aYvDLM5-Kg3dtieVC_fM6jz0gkBsRTUWAyXfSS63-fKSuLw-ZfgLxK_rqBYXokhWgEQqH59koCo/s320/Odzun_cupola.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">A cupola in Odzun Basilica, Armenia</span> en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>Above image: Squinches supporting a cupola in Odzun Basilica, Armenia ((early 8th century)..<b>......</b></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uESOEEqsdYq7hOZSisKiSCG-WYCuyoLeT2ajP_2fSnsngPPyB4YNyHaEUgWyl7uQQdLvFvURq9qZk3T7T9qxPnfxpo6JNRYbLDJjjcuuAEOxm2pYdj-D7uyM-gxk4HJt1_aP0VVId9UzDn-tx61xfzra0YGbXm59UoP1JeBbSVSxOBCM7sppOZ3nMLcn/s375/Odzun_cupola.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="375" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uESOEEqsdYq7hOZSisKiSCG-WYCuyoLeT2ajP_2fSnsngPPyB4YNyHaEUgWyl7uQQdLvFvURq9qZk3T7T9qxPnfxpo6JNRYbLDJjjcuuAEOxm2pYdj-D7uyM-gxk4HJt1_aP0VVId9UzDn-tx61xfzra0YGbXm59UoP1JeBbSVSxOBCM7sppOZ3nMLcn/s320/Odzun_cupola.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Palace of Ardashir, Iran en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>Above image: Squinch in the Palace of Ardashir in Fars, Iran...<b>......</b></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw1Euh6zTwhAZgNNNinll4K5gWfF_krn_SygrbcEgUkSKSQ3eJBNJJQF0HE_vHgTG45KsN5ZYomB40evTmS4RvThqbEuCauruT6F4Ty6zARE7taT-gTXuHkGADvPtonJglQpbF-Xv7uFFIEMVo825CoJUPhbdNoWFjp4z6L9BoOGCrXe5UE4EEXy7ffPK2/s486/1d59b6907ade351b2918c611e984f191--early-christian-medieval-art.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="486" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw1Euh6zTwhAZgNNNinll4K5gWfF_krn_SygrbcEgUkSKSQ3eJBNJJQF0HE_vHgTG45KsN5ZYomB40evTmS4RvThqbEuCauruT6F4Ty6zARE7taT-gTXuHkGADvPtonJglQpbF-Xv7uFFIEMVo825CoJUPhbdNoWFjp4z6L9BoOGCrXe5UE4EEXy7ffPK2/s320/1d59b6907ade351b2918c611e984f191--early-christian-medieval-art.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">squinch and </span><span style="text-align: left;">Pendentives</span> .pinimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><span></span><p></p><p><span><span>This </span>design requires fairly shallow ornamental squinches to transfer the weight to the corners.The advantage of a squinc<span>h is it is a small masonry <i>arch on the inside of a dome </i>and </span><span>connects the dome to the base and transfer its load to the corners. </span>The dome on squinches was already known in ancient Rome. The oldest known examples of domes on squinches still standing is found in Sassanid architecture (3rd century) Ardashir Palace,<i><b> Iran</b></i> and the other being the early Christian baptistery in <b><i>Naples </i></b>(4th-5th century).</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUk9TVeOsvc7OyKxKDJlW5IE-5L1F0Ya3KaWd64IucAMSmMJctUq4DPA9mol0eCnHz3v-7LMMymmyrGd0JKlGZ7BrV3t0-TQCVJlbSSZUfaxF7J9MzGnH5ZYECPfYj-GH0gFz-PhY82QVv_gVa3xisRv7I3DWREh82ZxXbIH90pV_S77xtGdp44-BrDEYO/s549/1_Ait2Rg3vEESeAl02Um_X3Q.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="549" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUk9TVeOsvc7OyKxKDJlW5IE-5L1F0Ya3KaWd64IucAMSmMJctUq4DPA9mol0eCnHz3v-7LMMymmyrGd0JKlGZ7BrV3t0-TQCVJlbSSZUfaxF7J9MzGnH5ZYECPfYj-GH0gFz-PhY82QVv_gVa3xisRv7I3DWREh82ZxXbIH90pV_S77xtGdp44-BrDEYO/s320/1_Ait2Rg3vEESeAl02Um_X3Q.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: left;">squinch and </span><span style="text-align: left;">Pendentives</span> miro.medium.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Above image: A squinch differs from Pendentives - curved triangle connecting the space between the arches and walls.<b>......</b></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU6QZriic1N8yhq6_LnsLOEtiJPVlZMZGz3pt-56wGeTHBleqdTHFO0jAMX2cQVzct9Gcd8A_uJ2D7RiUznfVgdLoSptUY4DiOSiyDJCiGyBQEChEIAAl6AdBkaQF6egzBn0VU4tlKVKgXIVNtalwdh55plGLK7EaSBynea0-eK_7-CdIz2Rc4FxHJXN4A/s899/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad13.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="899" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU6QZriic1N8yhq6_LnsLOEtiJPVlZMZGz3pt-56wGeTHBleqdTHFO0jAMX2cQVzct9Gcd8A_uJ2D7RiUznfVgdLoSptUY4DiOSiyDJCiGyBQEChEIAAl6AdBkaQF6egzBn0VU4tlKVKgXIVNtalwdh55plGLK7EaSBynea0-eK_7-CdIz2Rc4FxHJXN4A/s320/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad13.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Dome ceiling Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumba</span><span style="text-align: left;">d, </span><span style="text-align: left;">orientalarchitecture.com<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY2WfSAxHnpe1tB4yFm1kV-qk1_cNpQADbquQOu18hB7fp5ZtdtV08TBpaTTdM7epLMBjfgyEQBegGG34QIEW6FJdkHricOieI96EbVMKeg0CF6iv_Tb1cTgfeDQTs9ni6dMMZTMaBwqve6Fdy2v6tNN-eRxX9-78S2MClxzbxOBrONFtCUdbwtNd1p8E_/s900/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad18.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="900" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY2WfSAxHnpe1tB4yFm1kV-qk1_cNpQADbquQOu18hB7fp5ZtdtV08TBpaTTdM7epLMBjfgyEQBegGG34QIEW6FJdkHricOieI96EbVMKeg0CF6iv_Tb1cTgfeDQTs9ni6dMMZTMaBwqve6Fdy2v6tNN-eRxX9-78S2MClxzbxOBrONFtCUdbwtNd1p8E_/s320/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad18.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumba</span><span style="text-align: left;">d, S.Delhi </span><span style="text-align: left;">orientalarchitecture.com<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Above: Calligraphy at the Bagh-i-Alam Ka Gumbad, S. Delhi (Hauz Khas Village). The place looks deserted.. The structure was in a poor state due to .official apathy, and lack of efforts for conservation-restorations. Historians are taking efforts to restore it soon However, DDA improved the conditions of the park and make it usable by the people. <b>...............</b><p></p><p><span><b> </b>The exterior wall of the tomb ha</span><span>s no ornamentation except many big pigeon holes which allow the sunr</span><span>ays into the interior portion to keep it well-lit and cool. Also found is some calligraphic work. Each face of the front part has six niches flanking the central bay, only openings in the lower level act as windows. </span>The building measures 9.5x5.2 meters, and while most of it has survived the past few centuries, the original roof that covered the three tombs has collapsed. The structure is adjoined by a beautiful wall mosque which is built in the direction of Mecca. On the corners of this wall are two octagonal domed towers and along its length are five mihrabs (niches) for namaz.</p><div><span><a href="https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1827/india/delhi/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad-tomb">https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1827/india/delhi/bagh-i-alam-ka-gumbad-tomb</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://so.city/delhi/article/an-erstwhile-grand-old-structure-bagh-e-aalam-ka-gumbad-near-hkv-still-stands-tall-proud">https://so.city/delhi/article/an-erstwhile-grand-old-structure-bagh-e-aalam-ka-gumbad-near-hkv-still-stands-tall-proud</a></div><div><a href="goog_1779598370"><br /></a></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squinch">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squinch</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blog.kaarwan.com/squinches-and-pendentives-in-architecture-8359cf6b8825">https://blog.kaarwan.com/squinches-and-pendentives-in-architecture-8359cf6b8825</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">o</span>Click to view location on map.</p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-38386612745269338382024-03-26T09:06:00.000-07:002024-03-26T21:00:26.750-07:00Narasimha pillar and fluted Mohini pillar of Hoysala temple, Karnataka - a brief note<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2yjIrMgkJk-4K0xhn-M2o-HWYlF0TxdH3odvcEroiMJajyt90bzONHzP1v93q1l9w1HBSffHRISQLw2_XxGNKPZNfw5JvwXpnD6N8Zto0TtZHVr-ezmsgkAg8yTH9_9faABSpy_nTRjkBXvnvkp6qIOKzAdXPM5dNT1DQBNsVDErJbuhk1gs8qmUwn8wi/s640/d68b33145b0a091a26eff152b776ac69.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2yjIrMgkJk-4K0xhn-M2o-HWYlF0TxdH3odvcEroiMJajyt90bzONHzP1v93q1l9w1HBSffHRISQLw2_XxGNKPZNfw5JvwXpnD6N8Zto0TtZHVr-ezmsgkAg8yTH9_9faABSpy_nTRjkBXvnvkp6qIOKzAdXPM5dNT1DQBNsVDErJbuhk1gs8qmUwn8wi/s320/d68b33145b0a091a26eff152b776ac69.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple Narasimha pillar, KA in.pinterest.com<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><i><b>Hoysala Architecture </b></i>was evolved during the 10th to 14 th Century in the Hoysala kingdom that includes part of present day Karnataka state, South India and 13th century CE was the heyday of this Dynasty and the rulers were considered as great builders of temples mostly dedicated to Vishnu, followed by god Shiva.. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJBzegpFvHQz5I_agyktUgjFTpiaIP-aCQ_fgcdjV_KEVARP47nly8p4PhKB4og_WXkIMhpcnQcDXYTz95gsgQehDcj8Mr-WjUVDnRl9S4FLyrYC50mKsI0AyBM3lSJUf2-1FjbtuvBqqUjo9uFCJfnpws1Gc27CAvbMujUesxS24QIB5LwamWWxMujDK0/s640/ba5122813272e842fa8fc71661df587b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJBzegpFvHQz5I_agyktUgjFTpiaIP-aCQ_fgcdjV_KEVARP47nly8p4PhKB4og_WXkIMhpcnQcDXYTz95gsgQehDcj8Mr-WjUVDnRl9S4FLyrYC50mKsI0AyBM3lSJUf2-1FjbtuvBqqUjo9uFCJfnpws1Gc27CAvbMujUesxS24QIB5LwamWWxMujDK0/s320/ba5122813272e842fa8fc71661df587b.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple fluted pillar, KA in.pinterest.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Hoysala rulers (feudatories of the Chaukyas of Kalyana) introduced a new nomenclature in Hindu temple architecture with the harmonious fusion of different styles including western Chalukyas of Kalyana (of Badami, KA), Dravidian and north Indian, The temple plan mostly followed is that of Vesara - a blend of Nagara of northern style and Dravidian of southern style. What is interesting is the unique blending so innovative and catchy falling within the confines of naive design style that deviated from the conventional norms. <div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGRVuYdaPVclPHgiYV0ZSc3UMV9OLaPrFH7KVgaRispXM5ohENscZEg0FdRNh0ehLatxtbtjRrRNxYtBFaL4C3quMzAnqJtXt17rWE8fQYXLCHjNL8_5Rpl2swBaY6LMSJcZu15KSWAb2SHqQnk7VIeiIIfVLbyw2p_4YKpOZmWUoye8JiNUEwqLrZTfjv/s668/all-temple.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="668" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGRVuYdaPVclPHgiYV0ZSc3UMV9OLaPrFH7KVgaRispXM5ohENscZEg0FdRNh0ehLatxtbtjRrRNxYtBFaL4C3quMzAnqJtXt17rWE8fQYXLCHjNL8_5Rpl2swBaY6LMSJcZu15KSWAb2SHqQnk7VIeiIIfVLbyw2p_4YKpOZmWUoye8JiNUEwqLrZTfjv/w400-h188/all-temple.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sbistudy.com</td></tr></tbody></table></span><p>The Hoysala temples don't have either tall towers or pyramidal gopura. Nor are they massive and built within an enclosure as in the Dravidian style. Invariably, they are small to medium size and this limitation could have been due to non availability of hard rocks in that region. Soap stone rocks of metamorphic origin were available in plenty locally, but being soft with low Mohs scale of hardness less than 3, they are unfit to build huge structures with multiple tiers on the structure. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRfAOOyFqtsYkt-I1SxJtEf1PKd1lMF1qEEGfXsF7D2A5Lf6gJWcG7d_et1NV4NpW9c78R9W0GLdE0yxkTVg2VeI_9yA7X5RrdHTmD0I64MAnupcUQvjk9ME048FrRCBcxyjQoljOpBK2cKXtXqrtkT4szuOzKvJ1U2yNtoHLAwWRz9G52_-dB5QTTq8Ek/s900/4-chennakesava-temple-belur-karnataka-angelo-fernandes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="900" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRfAOOyFqtsYkt-I1SxJtEf1PKd1lMF1qEEGfXsF7D2A5Lf6gJWcG7d_et1NV4NpW9c78R9W0GLdE0yxkTVg2VeI_9yA7X5RrdHTmD0I64MAnupcUQvjk9ME048FrRCBcxyjQoljOpBK2cKXtXqrtkT4szuOzKvJ1U2yNtoHLAwWRz9G52_-dB5QTTq8Ek/s320/4-chennakesava-temple-belur-karnataka-angelo-fernandes.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple with masonry tower, Belur. .pixels.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above image: At Chennakesava temple, Belur, KA the gopuram (East side) with many tiers built in Dravidian style is masonry work (brick and lime mortar) resting on entrance structure and foundation made of hard rock The main entrance entrance damaged by the Delhi Sultanate was later rebuilt by the Vijayanagara dynasty <i>Photo by Angelo Fernandes</i>.<b> .................</b></p><p><span> Being ingenious as they were, instead of building massive and attractive tall structure, the Hoysala kings, taking into account the properties of soap stone schists, </span><span> had paid more attention to artistic embellishments of the temples. The temple architects came up with richly ornamental pillars, beams, lentils and intricately carved sculptures, etc., on the exterior of the small tower including the base -<i> Jagati</i>. This resulted in overwhelming deep stone carvings with a myriad of design, styles and patterns that baffle our imagination. You may call it a sermon on the stone - vast profusions </span><span>of artistic carvings, intricate sculptures. </span><span>and bas-relief works in the interior and exterior of the temples. </span></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptykqgjdMiFbmeNgmkB2tEnCp9U3Khw2x2-ttHYfX15gAE5HIg7mpepbwzW-aDclKYUHGbvARlwQKQQGDs3_mmrrcSq7v_9Ns3XbJ5xsjKM-hxfPVCV_H-d-iAqZAfIAq7vF50sfk01ySaTTTBQJAE3pydY5Bt9_SFz1zZapa6UhgKe7xvUG-64dBWwdw/s640/navrang-mandap-wall-chennakeshava-temple-belur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptykqgjdMiFbmeNgmkB2tEnCp9U3Khw2x2-ttHYfX15gAE5HIg7mpepbwzW-aDclKYUHGbvARlwQKQQGDs3_mmrrcSq7v_9Ns3XbJ5xsjKM-hxfPVCV_H-d-iAqZAfIAq7vF50sfk01ySaTTTBQJAE3pydY5Bt9_SFz1zZapa6UhgKe7xvUG-64dBWwdw/s320/navrang-mandap-wall-chennakeshava-temple-belur.jpg" width="214" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Navaranga mandapa, Chennakesava temple.inditales.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Above image: Both Narasimha and Mohini pillars are locate in this richly ornamented mandapa including the ceiling in the bays. note the lattice windows on the walls and the richly stone carved <b>Jagati (raised platform) </b> below it,,<b>,,,,,,,,,,,,,.</b><span><br /></span></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQlv5UwCk2jn75Xv_O6dcvaozCYByQe2E29gHpuGTwztyKKYa2VdxUKkjdiCD2ovU70SEKLXsOdiBIi0MMedmcXGXJ08Db_5oMmx-BALKsplBi5AgYoS5Bw3UFyDsD11UUjwuGgVH7uXu83jpVM0Z1yKKKSzb0jdq_0YJUCsQip6X5JFHA6yocwvSaKcwk/s870/ijah43onitp61.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="870" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQlv5UwCk2jn75Xv_O6dcvaozCYByQe2E29gHpuGTwztyKKYa2VdxUKkjdiCD2ovU70SEKLXsOdiBIi0MMedmcXGXJ08Db_5oMmx-BALKsplBi5AgYoS5Bw3UFyDsD11UUjwuGgVH7uXu83jpVM0Z1yKKKSzb0jdq_0YJUCsQip6X5JFHA6yocwvSaKcwk/s320/ijah43onitp61.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ornamental Narasimha pillar, Belur, KA. .reddit.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8n6gyFsOSJp3gbaqDS1Ac5m4rqmXW3NH12__sxQ635V2_f0ZGBG7LQhO5hIvfVGmLa-kOj_UEeyxoW8EvVXWCKV2XE46LZB38YYa_PiPqDgBkQSzLwfQdBtzNp4GA8rTlwr4ND88dCJtWntbtyLM0eKiviiU5g6-8sOH3Z51CLmLmpZfT4IfWyx9-vrkw/s425/584a2f2d5c3699c0c7b928c5fb4e5e23.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="425" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8n6gyFsOSJp3gbaqDS1Ac5m4rqmXW3NH12__sxQ635V2_f0ZGBG7LQhO5hIvfVGmLa-kOj_UEeyxoW8EvVXWCKV2XE46LZB38YYa_PiPqDgBkQSzLwfQdBtzNp4GA8rTlwr4ND88dCJtWntbtyLM0eKiviiU5g6-8sOH3Z51CLmLmpZfT4IfWyx9-vrkw/s320/584a2f2d5c3699c0c7b928c5fb4e5e23.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>capital Narasimha pillar. Belur /in.pinterest.com<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghShgcCP2XyJbU_mbKhm1sKpRd8iLSloxe2WIx7e0BmrgFzl88qtx4I1QzZZvjWsDrjSSv8p98w_SCEhDzrCq0rA6gP1McvhhjRyHCtf9R6XBk3NXGuLsydUq3nKWXdb6J2cBFnkQAWUgkqsFxlrRM0N_H9PpAjck15v-ffR0XKTeAbjJT9Q-Jw_tn4Vu4/s1080/5c4b32ff05134c46e608090d69664e61.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghShgcCP2XyJbU_mbKhm1sKpRd8iLSloxe2WIx7e0BmrgFzl88qtx4I1QzZZvjWsDrjSSv8p98w_SCEhDzrCq0rA6gP1McvhhjRyHCtf9R6XBk3NXGuLsydUq3nKWXdb6J2cBFnkQAWUgkqsFxlrRM0N_H9PpAjck15v-ffR0XKTeAbjJT9Q-Jw_tn4Vu4/s320/5c4b32ff05134c46e608090d69664e61.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Narasimha temple, Hoysala style, KA i.pinimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><span>About the <i><b>Narasimha pillar,</b></i> clear definition is not available in the books or articles available. My understanding is the Narasimha pillar or Mohini pillar refers to the richly ornate circular pillar right from the base to the capital and the beam above them. They are mainly located in the central hall of the Chennakesava temple. Every inch of the Narasimha pillar is deeply carved all around with various images, patterns or some design work right up to the cornice at top. Each ornate bears four brackets at the top with sculpted figure The carved images are as tiny as Bengal gram as in the case of a small carved bull or basava/kadali. The Narasimha pillar is said to have rotating mechanism on an axis long ago supported by ball-bearing system. Later it stopped working. <i><b>Mohini pillar</b></i> close to Narasimha pillar, is also ornate and cut vertically on a sixteen pointed star plan with narrow band of filigree work. It has a large figure of Vishnu in the form of Mohini. It has eight vertical bands with fine scroll work and here one can see small images of Hindu Demi-gods </span>representing the eight directions .</div><div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZ_7L3_B9mtP0xL1SZkUflXxmkTnJiSyIj3ByfDkgnScra0-4iEdKpgud9D8ZxANVjfFHdBpGS4Xxx48lVaxOHL-x1fqpw25SgADDjMR008kzwuPdTHzApJX51yzSiXvRYlvVqRK9Rert1yTT9lq_4qTqqEySX8_RnR8ZVq4cBO6wMiZ64nrpKxxO6MSU/s640/hoysala-architecture-pillar-navrang-mandap-belur.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZ_7L3_B9mtP0xL1SZkUflXxmkTnJiSyIj3ByfDkgnScra0-4iEdKpgud9D8ZxANVjfFHdBpGS4Xxx48lVaxOHL-x1fqpw25SgADDjMR008kzwuPdTHzApJX51yzSiXvRYlvVqRK9Rert1yTT9lq_4qTqqEySX8_RnR8ZVq4cBO6wMiZ64nrpKxxO6MSU/s320/hoysala-architecture-pillar-navrang-mandap-belur.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="text-align: left;">Chenna Kesava temple, </b> nditales.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span>The Chennakesava Temple of Belur. and the temples of Belavadi, Karnataka stand as good examples and the pillars are replete with fascinating ornamentation on the soap stone pillars. There are about</span><span> 50 richly decorated pillars inside the Chennakesava Temple</span><p><span>The<i> Narasimha and Kalyani pillars</i> do not include richly polished, lathe turned plain pillars with good shining. Also called the Index Pillars they may be short or tall, depending on the location. But Narasimha and Mohini pillars are in the inner part of the hall.</span></p><span>At the capital the pillar widens and has one or two thick raised circular horizontal bands. In the space between them there are many meticulously carved miniature stone images. On can see a large number of miniature carvings on the pillars and may include many deities in miniature forms from the Hindu pantheon. The ornamental c</span><span>apital of the Narasimha Pillar in stellate shape and the cornice stop in the Chennakesava temple gets the attention of the visitors. </span><span> </span></div><div><br /><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgusclOexnDQD46JPRZsu-uwA6P9IwTNreV8yYjdYqkMMj62VJpG-my9TKwfOd16xyIuaoLl6MLmMMTSR9JKRK7o8Iw_iA_c_lb_0hp3Xhyphenhyphenk1g_FeNB1LNXJz-hMWVfhD9ZEDa6uFcJkkJRBjZ7juE0lCXy2S_MgXzp9X3UotT1S_1vqAx01yyqP6Oghyphenhyphen/s640/narasimha-killing-hiranyakashipu-chennakeshava-belur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgusclOexnDQD46JPRZsu-uwA6P9IwTNreV8yYjdYqkMMj62VJpG-my9TKwfOd16xyIuaoLl6MLmMMTSR9JKRK7o8Iw_iA_c_lb_0hp3Xhyphenhyphenk1g_FeNB1LNXJz-hMWVfhD9ZEDa6uFcJkkJRBjZ7juE0lCXy2S_MgXzp9X3UotT1S_1vqAx01yyqP6Oghyphenhyphen/s320/narasimha-killing-hiranyakashipu-chennakeshava-belur.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">stone carved image. Narasimha, Belur.inditales.com/ </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div>Above image: Belur temple KA India - An avatar of god Vishnu Narasimha killing demon king Hiranyakashapu...<b>...............</b></div><div><p></p><p><a href="https://in.pinterest.com/pin/609323024578803615/">https://in.pinterest.com/pin/609323024578803615/</a></p><p><span><a href="https://in.pinterest.com/pin/706361522796491082/">https://in.pinterest.com/pin/706361522796491082/</a></span></p><p><a href="https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-narasimha-temple-hoysala-architecture">https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-narasimha-temple-hoysala-architecture</a></p><p><a href="http://www.navrangindia.in/2023/07/hindu-temple-pillars-and-mandapams.html">http://www.navrangindia.in/2023/07/hindu-temple-pillars-and-mandapams.html</a></p><p><a href="https://www.inditales.com/chennakesava-temple-belur-karnataka/">https://www.inditales.com/chennakesava-temple-belur-karnataka/</a></p><p><a href="https://karnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com/2013/01/chennakeshava-temple-of-belur-exteriors.html">https://karnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com/2013/01/chennakeshava-temple-of-belur-exteriors.html</a></p></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-54944967395758261962024-03-25T09:38:00.000-07:002024-03-26T20:59:46.634-07:00Hoysala temple pillars and their relation to design style, Karnataka <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLcO6AyeeFTsKVm-pBkrNNnPMY2V_N5IdaBjqveYgBvT39SipktoP-hTMbltoN0njQmUlYLIIfqP9UHPzlbyOW6A_C6IKWMwYBQyrkzBc-2Yaz2OB2JVTZPCIyHFLjh9qBEN7WXBWPyb3LsBZQaxpONpxiNx6W-DU6B96bQg7j7qwO9_bfgJEI6xq5tZE/s1200/Hoysala-Dynasty.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLcO6AyeeFTsKVm-pBkrNNnPMY2V_N5IdaBjqveYgBvT39SipktoP-hTMbltoN0njQmUlYLIIfqP9UHPzlbyOW6A_C6IKWMwYBQyrkzBc-2Yaz2OB2JVTZPCIyHFLjh9qBEN7WXBWPyb3LsBZQaxpONpxiNx6W-DU6B96bQg7j7qwO9_bfgJEI6xq5tZE/s320/Hoysala-Dynasty.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Hoysala territory, S. India. agranjosh.com<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span>T</span>he rulers of the Hoysala Dynasty, effectively governed the kingdom of what is now constituting a big part of Karnataka, S. India between 10 th to 14th centuries AD with Halebidu as the capital in the later period (Previous capital was Belur). Apart from their good reign and administration that gave importance to the welfare of the people, military conquests, the rulers kept the region religiously and culturally rich, building artistically fascinating temples that are known for their distinctive architecture, a repository of sculptural splendor. The three well-known Temples the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura, Chennakesava Temple at Belur and Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu bear testimony to their innovative and imaginative artistic expressions in stones that gave birth to a new type of temple architecture called <i><b>Hoysala architecture,</b></i> native to the state of Karnataka. A UNESCO recognized site, the temples attract lots of tourists from India and abroad. The temples are heaven for architects and research scholars. Historians point out the rulers were more known for their patronage of arts and temple architecture than for military warfare and conquests. The temples were built in the midst of threats from enemies from other regions.<div> <div>The Hoysala architectural is unique and distinctive, almost on the model of the Western Chalukya style It has elements of Dravidian style, native to Tamil Desam, but independent of its original temple design with distinguished traditional native style. Hoysala influence peaked in the 13th century, when it dominated the Southern Deccan Plateau region.</div><div><br /></div><div>Not confined to one style of design, its innovative design features include a careful blend of B<i>humija style</i> of Central India, the <i>Nagara traditions </i>of norther, eastern and western India, and part of Dravida style favored by the <i>Kalyani Chalukyas</i>. The design features of Hoysala are owe-inspiring, meticulously chiseled stone carvings and sculptures on the temple exterior, star-shaped raised platform with detailed reliefs works, showcasing mythological episodes or narratives, and lathe-turned pillars. </div><div><br /></div><div>Structurally Hoysala temple may appear similar but they differ from others on account of different types of embellishment - a complex profusion of sculptures and striking motif designs, highlighting the workmanship of richly skilled stone carvers of past era. This burst of sculptural profusion is not noticeable in other south Indian temples. <span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKVVZAvQ0jIzknF8a-1dU-IupNgRuhOm6ZXOiyeVCaNnXMGnf96AyFOcNOkwrc-6bs5lmZZMT4AJCT1BJ3j7Kn4OQPFtTokJL38tY0MXk2dScv5xXahZHi0jL6fHHVquQdeRNSAaHEBhCMFXW6EW3WyFbX5qJ7zp7seiO7dQ2lRXO00Bl1fbHa6GVGkN0f/s992/passage-astonishingly-keshava-temple-9094528.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="992" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKVVZAvQ0jIzknF8a-1dU-IupNgRuhOm6ZXOiyeVCaNnXMGnf96AyFOcNOkwrc-6bs5lmZZMT4AJCT1BJ3j7Kn4OQPFtTokJL38tY0MXk2dScv5xXahZHi0jL6fHHVquQdeRNSAaHEBhCMFXW6EW3WyFbX5qJ7zp7seiO7dQ2lRXO00Bl1fbHa6GVGkN0f/s320/passage-astonishingly-keshava-temple-9094528.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Somnathpur Kesava temple, KA Hoysala pillardreamstime.com</td></tr></tbody></table><b><br /></b><div>This post is focused mainly on<i> the mandapas and the unique ornate pillars </i>of Hoysala style. </div><div><br /></div><div><i><b>The following facts may be worth mentioning:</b></i></div><div><br /></div><div>01.The pillars are not tall and rectangular as in the Dravida style, but are ornate and rich in details particularly at the capital.</div><div><br /></div><div>02. The pillars are not meant to bear heavy overlying loads and heavy ceiling.</div><div><br /></div><div>03. The lathe-turned pillars appear to be well polished and made of metamorphic rock, especially<i> soapstone</i> which is soft unlike granite or basalt. Intricate carvings are possible in this kind of soft rock, </div><div><br /></div><div>04. The pillars made of soapstone supporting mandapas (halls) have limitations and are not good for long one halls which require wide span between pillars. The stone is a type of talc-schist metamorphic rock (also known as steatite or soaprock. It is composed primarily of talc, with varying amount of micas, chlorite, amphiboles, carbonates<span style="font-size: large;">.</span></div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguC2rgo5QqYoDXnP8vbmxfXL-VSDCSlYSJ0X3XtAFRt8sJW0AJ6j8YMCj_Ely0rJy_6uYiaCiBgG-jILooj7-uLyuXT8fukTYMKHl25c2AtLrIac2QqVVxim3oHf5ERtfXoNA7lPFixhgRTcA7o4k7hEuee_Njem0uYuHKHStiSXdeNeJYYlqAUvn1htwy/s1000/soapstone_two_colors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1000" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguC2rgo5QqYoDXnP8vbmxfXL-VSDCSlYSJ0X3XtAFRt8sJW0AJ6j8YMCj_Ely0rJy_6uYiaCiBgG-jILooj7-uLyuXT8fukTYMKHl25c2AtLrIac2QqVVxim3oHf5ERtfXoNA7lPFixhgRTcA7o4k7hEuee_Njem0uYuHKHStiSXdeNeJYYlqAUvn1htwy/s320/soapstone_two_colors.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Soapstone/ a variety of Talk. traditionaloven.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>05. Soap stone rock is not fit for tall structures as the load-bearing capacity is not good enough to sustain weight. </div><div><br /></div><div>06. The space between pillars supporting the beams on which ceiling rests is deliberately narrow in Hoysala style. </div><div><br /></div><div>07. One can hardly see large life-size sculptures hewn into the Hoysala pillars and if they are found they may be slightly detached from the walls. </div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKScgaVRnIaz8O3WkdBVF2V3YfS9p6-YXLg4R_kly8r8qKS8hHaSo__yLay8xtmNxK6_CqEKPVAGGaLN3KqRNndf4gas2jJmURBYYMKhRMsvyTON3RbT50OwYlNigtx961MwB2BRCSJCuAl3ogJiPE-MvwjPOAwOwP0OTGaBMz1C1EUxIjVLX7dt90vaFv/s1800/E_16_419_1_east_entrance_hoysala_emblem_right_1_rs_wm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKScgaVRnIaz8O3WkdBVF2V3YfS9p6-YXLg4R_kly8r8qKS8hHaSo__yLay8xtmNxK6_CqEKPVAGGaLN3KqRNndf4gas2jJmURBYYMKhRMsvyTON3RbT50OwYlNigtx961MwB2BRCSJCuAl3ogJiPE-MvwjPOAwOwP0OTGaBMz1C1EUxIjVLX7dt90vaFv/s320/E_16_419_1_east_entrance_hoysala_emblem_right_1_rs_wm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple Hoysala carved emblem, KA yatrikaone.com</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p><span>As for design, the temple is built in such a way that it allows devotees to access the inner sanctuary / sanctum or garbhagriha where the main deity is enshrined. They enter from outside to the center through ambulatory passageways / <i> Prathakshna path</i> (circumambulation) and halls or chambers (mantapas). As the paths are close to the main deity, they are sacred and sanctified. </span></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-loUSGXB9bmD8u7Sc_pMu3GsO0btdzoWvvpDHmVV_uUicCdbJ3cuLWEH432ucI8XuoFYIeJzH9D3IeAygFcaRjNhhGP5DghSEc9DsGkKdvJzxHWt-x3XuigyVV8MKVLgR4LXBZGT1lPEGz2R-9-9AzPxC163ykGlMSDcWfpd_CAOpmUBvjpjJpTnL3Rv/s736/5893417b7dd01fc8dbe60c48b76c35af.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="736" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-loUSGXB9bmD8u7Sc_pMu3GsO0btdzoWvvpDHmVV_uUicCdbJ3cuLWEH432ucI8XuoFYIeJzH9D3IeAygFcaRjNhhGP5DghSEc9DsGkKdvJzxHWt-x3XuigyVV8MKVLgR4LXBZGT1lPEGz2R-9-9AzPxC163ykGlMSDcWfpd_CAOpmUBvjpjJpTnL3Rv/s320/5893417b7dd01fc8dbe60c48b76c35af.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Sanctum. Hoysaleswara Temple</span>i.Halebidu.pinimg.com<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYmMZ93kr8xlOEMQ0k02J0kKgKtc__BsBOnYeemkx8Mjnp4Sbuq5MadOyk8K9ywnYQavjXm26vnMwMgy9sjoCkl-fQQje4mMroQhVch4tKu6hKhtqTN41TinenS5ChrHTN5bclkcIWcZky9GW3K7WHh3tbHHTxGW95_um5F3v_g1rh0pdI-ADR5apU0367/s1600/carved-pillars-hoysala-style-carving-include-depictions-rama-lakshmana-sita-vaishnavism-hazara-rama-271742757.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1161" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYmMZ93kr8xlOEMQ0k02J0kKgKtc__BsBOnYeemkx8Mjnp4Sbuq5MadOyk8K9ywnYQavjXm26vnMwMgy9sjoCkl-fQQje4mMroQhVch4tKu6hKhtqTN41TinenS5ChrHTN5bclkcIWcZky9GW3K7WHh3tbHHTxGW95_um5F3v_g1rh0pdI-ADR5apU0367/s320/carved-pillars-hoysala-style-carving-include-depictions-rama-lakshmana-sita-vaishnavism-hazara-rama-271742757.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">rare square pillars Hazara Rama temple,</span><b style="text-align: left;"> Hampi</b><b> reamstime.com</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span> Unlike temples of Tamil Nadu or elsewhere where the shrines are independent located on the closeed or open prakara, in Hoysala temples they are merged into a single unit and are easily approachable.</span></p><p><span>The entrance to the temple is through a plain covered porch </span>supported by circular lathe turned shinning pillars. Some are further carved with deep fluting and moulded with decorative motifs to enhance the look. . </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLutI-Blc-l8so6dL6Y-UrL8NrKdA4AxBb17lUycfID9iCW_0yJMe0vUgtF6KNPlGQ4kd0p3YofGNzpV15VRfGQp2zazFakYLaCgQbQDAZ4vGMVNbX15HhWe3u-6z6I2spPIWyj3n2I8k9pL_sjg8FmxsmfTmusG1L2MeK7CGg413ueToiQ7IVZ0v7_Sqh/s640/_MG_1334-4%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="640" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLutI-Blc-l8so6dL6Y-UrL8NrKdA4AxBb17lUycfID9iCW_0yJMe0vUgtF6KNPlGQ4kd0p3YofGNzpV15VRfGQp2zazFakYLaCgQbQDAZ4vGMVNbX15HhWe3u-6z6I2spPIWyj3n2I8k9pL_sjg8FmxsmfTmusG1L2MeK7CGg413ueToiQ7IVZ0v7_Sqh/s320/_MG_1334-4%20copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Chennakesava temple, entrance (south) karnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Above image: South side entrance to the shrine with small shrines on both sides. Friezes on the walls galore: There are tiers of tiny sculptures from bottom onward on the outer wall. The carvings include crreepers, ornamental frieze, dancers in small niches rows of elephants, lion faces, Also include are female sculptures in between the pillars, and themes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.<b>. </b>Image credit <a href="http://-Karnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com">-K<span style="text-align: center;">arnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com</span></a></div><div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNX29llXXnnkf4Jz7SWtMQpDzuaWRMzM0hgRzFK90ChfFadp5xt8W31gI-05aUMKWlJSv3gDV-2x1XA5SMwkNrSk35nTQPV-1uAEgS8xqFt9yntm3nC9_6f0L39dxrnNsQqp-CtJIcZN682WhjC2AbMTsgfDAXj_25kghY9rCg8p26siQbvTWsZYaL5NZq/s1600/beautiful-hoysala-architecture-chennakeshava-temple-belur-one-finest-examples-hindu-entire-sheer-poetry-stone-153282812.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1157" data-original-width="1600" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNX29llXXnnkf4Jz7SWtMQpDzuaWRMzM0hgRzFK90ChfFadp5xt8W31gI-05aUMKWlJSv3gDV-2x1XA5SMwkNrSk35nTQPV-1uAEgS8xqFt9yntm3nC9_6f0L39dxrnNsQqp-CtJIcZN682WhjC2AbMTsgfDAXj_25kghY9rCg8p26siQbvTWsZYaL5NZq/s320/beautiful-hoysala-architecture-chennakeshava-temple-belur-one-finest-examples-hindu-entire-sheer-poetry-stone-153282812.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jagati, Belur temple, KA dreamstime.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span>The </span>"<i><b>jagati"</b></i>(a meter tall raised platform from the ground, connecting with other parts) serves as a pradakshna path around the sanctum and normally star shaped design allows the walls to follow contours of the a sort of zig zag pattern; such a provision is not available around the temple. </p><p>In temple with no Jagati, the inner mandapa can be entered from the ground level though steps with elephant balustrades (parapets)on either side, Example: <i>the Bucesvara temple in Korvangla,</i> Hassan district, KA </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwNSUMQoqY6MW1JgTtQjWxCQ5RiHhzz0MEGhogYUUBDa8qOVWA4fKCoRcmjthj8gb49JJQb0azNp09N81koz_THunPYAA1IAjnydmkDB7AeFo4yPSxd0Cqieq6ODHKkTl9anNjvfRktJKMkgRMzqwnAD0nnMLu_Vn9R3JBYP76gqTMaEZneYqBsQSbqel/s1201/Elephant_baluster_at_entrance_into_Buchesvara_temple_in_Korvangala.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwNSUMQoqY6MW1JgTtQjWxCQ5RiHhzz0MEGhogYUUBDa8qOVWA4fKCoRcmjthj8gb49JJQb0azNp09N81koz_THunPYAA1IAjnydmkDB7AeFo4yPSxd0Cqieq6ODHKkTl9anNjvfRktJKMkgRMzqwnAD0nnMLu_Vn9R3JBYP76gqTMaEZneYqBsQSbqel/s320/Elephant_baluster_at_entrance_into_Buchesvara_temple_in_Korvangala.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Bucesvara temple,KA. </span> Elephant balustrades, wikipedia</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The open mandapa inside is accessed trough a flight of steps on the Jagati (example of this style is the <i>Kesava Temple at Somanathapura</i>) </p><p><span> In temples with two shrines (dvikuta), the vimanas you may find the the shrines either next to each other or on opposite sides. If there are many shrines, each one is in the corner with a common hall. Example: <i>T</i></span><i>he Lakshmidevi temple at Doddagaddavalli</i></p></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivbkFaUx5KBhek_J3TQ-7FiCI_mjXwiNaK3kQmvngv6xqBoSbIpiXP6gFu6bby4fdUol0wkBzhoZkDq-wqISLrAGEgZZauRBudZs6WvejoZONZ2foZYzX0alH_BO5Hk9sTcY5UsakgoBrS52Fo6vR_gp9int5aqP2yRniLVCY5AC-rGVr3NAoop_yDd3bD/s5184/Lathe_turned_pillars_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivbkFaUx5KBhek_J3TQ-7FiCI_mjXwiNaK3kQmvngv6xqBoSbIpiXP6gFu6bby4fdUol0wkBzhoZkDq-wqISLrAGEgZZauRBudZs6WvejoZONZ2foZYzX0alH_BO5Hk9sTcY5UsakgoBrS52Fo6vR_gp9int5aqP2yRniLVCY5AC-rGVr3NAoop_yDd3bD/s320/Lathe_turned_pillars_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">lathe-turned pillars Veeranarayana temple, Belavadi KA </span>wikipedia.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The mantapa is a part of the temple<span> where where people gather during prayer time and it has ornate </span>overhead lintel called a <i>makara torana</i> (makara is an imaginary beast and torana is an overhead decoration)</div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCk8AP3AyZYSdEMmxL18qPVMvAMYe9E7csZ3STd1pmawrzMje7uV7GcLjdqW6Ia6AUY8RueDcCS5oB-MTvgF_px0jaHW3OzFE9KNYHtvAkfoAZURbksayXohe6g8Sl6UGbalLodjdIp_W6Ip_dkIhHPzdPxb4wCevLYSIOwdaNhndpeYYjtzXc6G1mT7Od/s1024/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Columns9-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1024" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCk8AP3AyZYSdEMmxL18qPVMvAMYe9E7csZ3STd1pmawrzMje7uV7GcLjdqW6Ia6AUY8RueDcCS5oB-MTvgF_px0jaHW3OzFE9KNYHtvAkfoAZURbksayXohe6g8Sl6UGbalLodjdIp_W6Ip_dkIhHPzdPxb4wCevLYSIOwdaNhndpeYYjtzXc6G1mT7Od/s320/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Columns9-copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veera Narayana temple, Belavadi outer hall.collectingmoments.in</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span> Above image: Hoysala temple, Karnataka. note the small lathe-turned circular pillars set on the square platform<b>.....</b></span></p><p>The open mandapa (characterized<span> by shining lathe-turned pillars; (example </span>Temple at Amruthapura) <span> is actually an outer portion through which the inner small closed mandapa and the sanctum are accessed. It is normally spacious with many bays created by pillars that support the ceiling. Yet another feature is the designated seating areas with stone seats, parapet wall forming the back rest. </span>T<b>he staggered-square shape</b> of the open mantapa is a distinct Hoysala feature of the temples, not found in other temples of South India.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3itCQWuidw5jNfQqRGnUgYGWK4eVcFbsVahqM2lQ6_iGmTlJ1UhsYtl_KLTNY377maFIaf00MyONqYlTAIk2WvomSD5lGYryhwUhkT8CLX3468-Ipw8auveyEAasqjaeJDMFGhjlc6Xd2t16jJT9fug5UDt4iUEu_UhEQNEBO8Oz8vWcUch9jE43SH8tJ/s640/_MG_1403-5%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3itCQWuidw5jNfQqRGnUgYGWK4eVcFbsVahqM2lQ6_iGmTlJ1UhsYtl_KLTNY377maFIaf00MyONqYlTAIk2WvomSD5lGYryhwUhkT8CLX3468-Ipw8auveyEAasqjaeJDMFGhjlc6Xd2t16jJT9fug5UDt4iUEu_UhEQNEBO8Oz8vWcUch9jE43SH8tJ/s320/_MG_1403-5%20copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple <i>karnatakatravelogue.blogspot.com</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAchQj6FYXN8_L0CNGxvRiHViV4dTfW0ltTomOdB_XXfP6yp2EoHYxOoXbEbS-DYhecM1-V8vEbruO3ObztbC0tGjPDQjHSEhWnOr5G62z2pKD1hnMhXEJS18zfFWHMsE6xC9Ex3AkZJE57aWNqecIJHa54hKggdkPTcpVwQl-l6pS10Vw-UHFNAnOdIR/s1024/Balligavi_Kedareshwara_profile_retouched.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAchQj6FYXN8_L0CNGxvRiHViV4dTfW0ltTomOdB_XXfP6yp2EoHYxOoXbEbS-DYhecM1-V8vEbruO3ObztbC0tGjPDQjHSEhWnOr5G62z2pKD1hnMhXEJS18zfFWHMsE6xC9Ex3AkZJE57aWNqecIJHa54hKggdkPTcpVwQl-l6pS10Vw-UHFNAnOdIR/s320/Balligavi_Kedareshwara_profile_retouched.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">staggered square plan mantapa, Kedareshvara Temple, Balligav, wikipedia<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Above images: Hoysala temple of small size. Karnataka. Note the hanging eaves or stone shade all around the structure and the tall ornamental <b>Jagati</b> rich in relief motif and intricate carvings of exceptional beauty. Top image:<i> Chennakesava temple</i>, KA. The platform with pradakshina patha has a flight of steps on east, north and south flanked by a small tower on either side. Note the rich y ornamented eaveson the inner ceiling, pillars and the platform.<b> .............................</b> </div><div><b><br /></b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCXHzzvS5PDYp9GRB1AMVbkgn8Fc_3zbu4z_D7vxGyhA7oPOBaGoDmAS8Ohmb-EDKIcQ4gPsE89TCLJ2K0UJ5XJQ790cG0xDgYyNHMmUePPGGvHWSobggF_zi4dribOz0_RS53UrjwtJMzhOBqwRTGixBWo_0qcoQ1l9Q9p89Xwiegc0pa5Zw8ETIGoFlK/s828/f5ff45561c11c045802d0c290fd04a50.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="564" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCXHzzvS5PDYp9GRB1AMVbkgn8Fc_3zbu4z_D7vxGyhA7oPOBaGoDmAS8Ohmb-EDKIcQ4gPsE89TCLJ2K0UJ5XJQ790cG0xDgYyNHMmUePPGGvHWSobggF_zi4dribOz0_RS53UrjwtJMzhOBqwRTGixBWo_0qcoQ1l9Q9p89Xwiegc0pa5Zw8ETIGoFlK/s320/f5ff45561c11c045802d0c290fd04a50.jpg" width="218" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">Fluted pillar, Chenna Kesava temple, Belur<br /><br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuw3Y-cgz78x6ssEjeMnImyKZrAiTRhIJTXUi6m3MGo6ov5hHh1op_GtwG6Tu3n-9vBaJ-J7soboHFnQlPFu_aX46I-rqCVQ_49LQDMvs4j-deP4h0HoTv2q57Z1-YD6i57UlELTuFT9Td_CjP9mQngE62CMRzzRyfBnQPMEUVcPN_9g721Esu0EpRWFsl/s800/The%20famous%20pillars%20of%20Hoysala%20architecture%20at%20Belur,%20Karnataka.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuw3Y-cgz78x6ssEjeMnImyKZrAiTRhIJTXUi6m3MGo6ov5hHh1op_GtwG6Tu3n-9vBaJ-J7soboHFnQlPFu_aX46I-rqCVQ_49LQDMvs4j-deP4h0HoTv2q57Z1-YD6i57UlELTuFT9Td_CjP9mQngE62CMRzzRyfBnQPMEUVcPN_9g721Esu0EpRWFsl/s320/The%20famous%20pillars%20of%20Hoysala%20architecture%20at%20Belur,%20Karnataka.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">Chenna Kesava temple, Belur. </b>beontheroad.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Yet another striking feature of the halls is the smallest open mandapa with 13 bays and half pillars built on the parapet wall supporting the outer end of the roof with an overhanging shade. This design provides good lighting inside and prevents the rain water from entering the hall all around. To make the mandapa attractive the ceiling has deeply curved ornate designs of different patterns. Decorations include floral designs and mythological themes.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiilBDA8-FQSD5r8cgkSkbvaCBe3QsdiUrBaGUWWWH1FsONKWh43mJciKfaD1rRibJzWe3D_DkaYiEqDHnDJH4-wJ8EveXar-mgYMG7XxepxGUiIt79KJK-0WMLXbL4NSqY89I30ZZxTXlf2GFPuQtqx7HDd5trIL_1WI-Y7fUgwYZqgmWSLHUcQtSDFYTZ/s1600/DSC03238.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiilBDA8-FQSD5r8cgkSkbvaCBe3QsdiUrBaGUWWWH1FsONKWh43mJciKfaD1rRibJzWe3D_DkaYiEqDHnDJH4-wJ8EveXar-mgYMG7XxepxGUiIt79KJK-0WMLXbL4NSqY89I30ZZxTXlf2GFPuQtqx7HDd5trIL_1WI-Y7fUgwYZqgmWSLHUcQtSDFYTZ/s320/DSC03238.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Small Hoysala temple, overhanging eaves and Jagati. 4.bp.blogspot.com</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div> </div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmI2M-odQtsl8tW_3soem-vaj6VCxvhIha47ro712oPNmvZyu1L30sbsKvPQ5TAISVzK4seMokAqvK9Lo10zZgiZg1IDtG3qcKCO2e77a1pcTvUQIgaCpYoLD62fSo01Mbt5P71j5Pe3_BzJQGmHtF1lVgmyQQcvPZunrcILUTiY8r1SUoDhQHabmzV5-/s1280/3568a9a3f5fdbd8183dadbe24cb2672b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFmI2M-odQtsl8tW_3soem-vaj6VCxvhIha47ro712oPNmvZyu1L30sbsKvPQ5TAISVzK4seMokAqvK9Lo10zZgiZg1IDtG3qcKCO2e77a1pcTvUQIgaCpYoLD62fSo01Mbt5P71j5Pe3_BzJQGmHtF1lVgmyQQcvPZunrcILUTiY8r1SUoDhQHabmzV5-/s320/3568a9a3f5fdbd8183dadbe24cb2672b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ornate ceiling, Belavadi temple, KA i.pinimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> Small temples have closed mantapas with walls raising up to the ceiling. The closed mantapa with decorations inside and out, may have four pillars dividing the hall into nine bays, each having richly decorated ceiling. Commonly such closed mandapa is larger than the vestibule or foyer which may have a tower called <b>sukanasi </b>- a sort of projection upon which rest the H<i>oysala Emblem</i> normally found at the door way. Examples:<i>Belur and Halebidu</i>. The foyer connects all the shrines through the mandapa.</div><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKScgaVRnIaz8O3WkdBVF2V3YfS9p6-YXLg4R_kly8r8qKS8hHaSo__yLay8xtmNxK6_CqEKPVAGGaLN3KqRNndf4gas2jJmURBYYMKhRMsvyTON3RbT50OwYlNigtx961MwB2BRCSJCuAl3ogJiPE-MvwjPOAwOwP0OTGaBMz1C1EUxIjVLX7dt90vaFv/s1800/E_16_419_1_east_entrance_hoysala_emblem_right_1_rs_wm.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKScgaVRnIaz8O3WkdBVF2V3YfS9p6-YXLg4R_kly8r8qKS8hHaSo__yLay8xtmNxK6_CqEKPVAGGaLN3KqRNndf4gas2jJmURBYYMKhRMsvyTON3RbT50OwYlNigtx961MwB2BRCSJCuAl3ogJiPE-MvwjPOAwOwP0OTGaBMz1C1EUxIjVLX7dt90vaFv/s320/E_16_419_1_east_entrance_hoysala_emblem_right_1_rs_wm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chennakesava temple <i>Hoysala carved emblem</i>, KA yatrikaone.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tz-ZzEz6NPSHPN6yTG9xaTVj3ZYIX1RZSRkH2DQN23Tcr6AiIChzubJUhpGQIDxID-wpjfIq4Se48DslHguQlltnP3zSKsIs1AjL70Be_v5NuBKNjQgRgkYBnB1-jpTLqDTiJvrF48PhosWC3xuVh0OsGEVD5P7MLtnMwc-lmnvrIodJQ7GGcIYB1dDA/s1600/hoysaleswara-temple-halebeedu-india-68301735.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1172" data-original-width="1600" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tz-ZzEz6NPSHPN6yTG9xaTVj3ZYIX1RZSRkH2DQN23Tcr6AiIChzubJUhpGQIDxID-wpjfIq4Se48DslHguQlltnP3zSKsIs1AjL70Be_v5NuBKNjQgRgkYBnB1-jpTLqDTiJvrF48PhosWC3xuVh0OsGEVD5P7MLtnMwc-lmnvrIodJQ7GGcIYB1dDA/w400-h293/hoysaleswara-temple-halebeedu-india-68301735.webp" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Tall <i>Jagati supporting navaranga mantapa.</i> Chenna Kesava temple, </span> nditales.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpANQ8ZWn9fVgPc7JcMyRyJ7Xtp02CiPw881w-shz6ikvUF7KluTbZgjFI4JRfBpaVGFJXrmE5UCbJPwGsmSWiUh5YSBj13vr5H67XtJv9RESXYF2VY6Ftzp2bReStpeF2I58YiuwmhYYW-M5G94HFs0yuTZZDJfoc1a-t0oz8OWgqU_sQQvauB7FCHMc/s1200/ksp_8280.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpANQ8ZWn9fVgPc7JcMyRyJ7Xtp02CiPw881w-shz6ikvUF7KluTbZgjFI4JRfBpaVGFJXrmE5UCbJPwGsmSWiUh5YSBj13vr5H67XtJv9RESXYF2VY6Ftzp2bReStpeF2I58YiuwmhYYW-M5G94HFs0yuTZZDJfoc1a-t0oz8OWgqU_sQQvauB7FCHMc/s320/ksp_8280.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Hoysaleswara Temple</span>.Halebidu<br />i.pinimg.co<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPS2K0BRtImYOmE2UHggcqE45ZVUqgcDaooybQBF_-F4Y6m6KIkW71VHA_FXO_ZTK4BbpKoSVo91vnSt2kJijhbTm22ymP4uNy0Bo4uoRGuMA5vL4UMzoDtWnyzmghMHC-VCTG38V7ZBEv2gcQA-aJAunIhTAbd5OC_Ie383FuxqFoi8zwff5GT9dVJsaH/s1300/turned-stone-pillars-in-the-interior-of-the-kesava-temple-keshava-C11AT0.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1300" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPS2K0BRtImYOmE2UHggcqE45ZVUqgcDaooybQBF_-F4Y6m6KIkW71VHA_FXO_ZTK4BbpKoSVo91vnSt2kJijhbTm22ymP4uNy0Bo4uoRGuMA5vL4UMzoDtWnyzmghMHC-VCTG38V7ZBEv2gcQA-aJAunIhTAbd5OC_Ie383FuxqFoi8zwff5GT9dVJsaH/s320/turned-stone-pillars-in-the-interior-of-the-kesava-temple-keshava-C11AT0.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Keshava Temple </span>Somnathpur, KA<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7zyvx_zibvRkQVBSBR3iXTTAbJE9jkMW7CtkV_PJnGGL6p-TxKODJ9py4qd4YLfUw2npntN96dlsZ_p_bbNBWql-Cs-GgsWS3KI5twoa1rzdfwgvid69_CE6PDzdxGcpeDGfuHrmgRTfEjK4GiBlQJUnqUe396CZwwLMSGYwxGy2SJVkcyYOwVl0j-6Zb/s1200/ksp_8289.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="923" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7zyvx_zibvRkQVBSBR3iXTTAbJE9jkMW7CtkV_PJnGGL6p-TxKODJ9py4qd4YLfUw2npntN96dlsZ_p_bbNBWql-Cs-GgsWS3KI5twoa1rzdfwgvid69_CE6PDzdxGcpeDGfuHrmgRTfEjK4GiBlQJUnqUe396CZwwLMSGYwxGy2SJVkcyYOwVl0j-6Zb/s320/ksp_8289.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Hoysaleswara Temple</span>i.Halebidu i.pinimg.co<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above images: Hoysla temples of Karnataka, Lattice windows or jali on the outer wall to let the sunrays in and keep the interior comfortable by allowing air circulation from out side<b>. </b>Circular pillars are short, resting on square base<b>. ....</b></p><p>In order to have air circulation and lighting jali or lattice window is set on the outer walls at certain places and it is a typical feature of Hoysala, A closed mandapa is accessible through a porch supported by two small pillars on the parapet walls with decorative features. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMNI_zTJdZ402-4lN6pSWaQ468AobRZO_5mOmGfBuL62eqUj2h3yoj6caYi12MRHzX4bmuHFzb7ptDJyPVFdxsZj5azaBv5YOPoV1NHtj1XwaDn9VLmvrImf6f0s25ISYxAbC02p-SDP6L39REscPl6dCZDPLAX4Bg2LCcSdJ4rqQpoDdsbY6OKMtPSsy6/s1780/Shilabaalika_on_pillar_bracket_in_Chennakeshava_Temple_at_Belur1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1780" data-original-width="1176" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMNI_zTJdZ402-4lN6pSWaQ468AobRZO_5mOmGfBuL62eqUj2h3yoj6caYi12MRHzX4bmuHFzb7ptDJyPVFdxsZj5azaBv5YOPoV1NHtj1XwaDn9VLmvrImf6f0s25ISYxAbC02p-SDP6L39REscPl6dCZDPLAX4Bg2LCcSdJ4rqQpoDdsbY6OKMtPSsy6/s320/Shilabaalika_on_pillar_bracket_in_Chennakeshava_Temple_at_Belur1.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madanika bracket at Belur en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The lathe-turned circular pillars of outer and inner halls (mandapas) have four homogenous brackets upon which rest sculptured images of <i>salabhanjikas and madanikas</i> (sculpture of a woman, displaying stylish feminine features). This feature is a common one in Chalukya-Hoysala temples. The ornamented pillars are not homogenous and don't look alike unlike Dravidian temple pillars. In the case of western Chalukya the circular pillars at top are plain but the base is ornamental. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture</a></p></div><div><p><span><a href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-hoysala-rulers-and-their-contribution">https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-hoysala-rulers-and-their-contribution</a></span></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture</a></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>o</p></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-39715452628938948022024-03-24T09:41:00.000-07:002024-03-24T09:41:57.963-07:00Aazhi Ther, Asia's biggest Ratha - the Therottam festival in Thiruvarur, TN went off well this year -2024<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisj0bcuEfbVPvr1nqCJRMYUcgRdJoYNEk2VntXbTErRwl_egkwCCCes12NYrm5xbnoKeyBlpm3Pcp-j0umlDbKHDfVKNgwMz55swvSecHT1wUBBgEs0kutECOjn46teCrYb_O_oqUGrio6-HwXsa5RhkzBnaDHZTLsX68MFViczEgQ3mLyP0vNMHQO2O_G/s1280/maxresdefault%20(7).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisj0bcuEfbVPvr1nqCJRMYUcgRdJoYNEk2VntXbTErRwl_egkwCCCes12NYrm5xbnoKeyBlpm3Pcp-j0umlDbKHDfVKNgwMz55swvSecHT1wUBBgEs0kutECOjn46teCrYb_O_oqUGrio6-HwXsa5RhkzBnaDHZTLsX68MFViczEgQ3mLyP0vNMHQO2O_G/s320/maxresdefault%20(7).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aazhi ther, Asia's biggest Ratha, Thiruvarur, TN <a href="http://i.ytimg.com">i.ytimg.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Thiruvarur, the capital of Thiruvarur district (formerly part of composite Delta District of Thanjavur) is synonymous with three cultural aspects;</p><p>01. The famous <i>Sri Thyagarajaswamy Temple </i>along with one of the largest temple tanks in India Kamalalayam in the prime area of the town, </p><p>02. The 96 ft tall<i> Aazhi Ther </i>(base of wooden ther (with 400 wooden carvings) is about 66 ft; rest consists of 92 decorative features weighing about 50 ton). The length of the giant rope (Vada Kayaru) attached to the base of the ratha is about one kilometer and weighs 15 ton Asia's largest ratha and <i>Aazhi therottam festival</i> that falls in the Tamil month of Panguni (March-April)bin Ayelyam nakshatra </p><p>03. The birth place of Carnatic music composers <i>Sri Thygaraja swamigal (Thyaga Brahmam), Shyama Sastry and Muthusamy Dikshithar </i>(Trinity of Carnatic Music)<i>.</i></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicy0hLkBdoJJn2c-wOzlg-Es-gOPpP3FY9VKxll_KsPHVAlZHszviBeOf_k2oAJER4rQwNTVZ2a6KcAalNcgbsHeFjuvym4w7uohU7YGorOcdAXgphGeht_je6MW-g2DWrVzZWs6NaFz2sukgtFxIYBEqaX8xW7t7j1mOL_XRTkYND3CvTKR4DuziDasVs/s550/the-chariot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="550" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicy0hLkBdoJJn2c-wOzlg-Es-gOPpP3FY9VKxll_KsPHVAlZHszviBeOf_k2oAJER4rQwNTVZ2a6KcAalNcgbsHeFjuvym4w7uohU7YGorOcdAXgphGeht_je6MW-g2DWrVzZWs6NaFz2sukgtFxIYBEqaX8xW7t7j1mOL_XRTkYND3CvTKR4DuziDasVs/s320/the-chariot.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thiruvarur Aazhi ther, wooden base<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;">tripadvisor.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>This year the popular<i> Aazhi Ther festival</i> went off well on March 21, attended by Thousands of devotees. The festivities began on Feb 27 with customary temple flag -hoisting on the temple premises in the morning. </p><p>Thousands of devotees from far and near participated in the Aazhi Ther festival and a large number of devotees took part in pulling the huge rope attached to the 350 ton Ratham on which were mounted the processional idols of Sri Thyagaraja, his consort Parvati and Sri Chandikeswarar. It was a day long arduous religious procession around the four wide and well laid ''Mada Veedhis'' (streets). The wooden ther was so heavy it was pushed from behind by heavy duty bulldozers and to stop it at certain places it is provided with special hydraulic break system. It was a day of religious fervor and gaiety with the '<i>Chants of “Aaroora, Thyagesa” by the devotees and the sound of “Siva Vadhyam.</i>” Two other wooden temple cars carrying the idols of Lord Vinayaga and Lord Murugan pulled by the devotees preceded the Aazhi Ther. .</p><p>This unique and popular annual festival has been around for centuries and it is the cultural legacy of this town.<span> Documentary evidences available in the Saraswathi Mahal library, Thanjavur city </span>confirm that this <i>Ther festival </i> had been held continuously since 1748 CE till the middle of 20th century (vide the Modi scripts in <i>Marathi language</i> <i><b> </b>of the Thanjavur Mahratta Ruler Shahaji</i><i> (1684-1712 CE)..</i></p><p>After traditional puja and Aarthi, the Therottam with long procession began at 9 am (on March 21) on East Veedhi and then through the South, West and North Veedhis before being docked at its shed again in the evening near the temple. It is the only Ther in Tamil Nau glorified in the ''Thirumaura''<span> divotional songs. </span></p><div>The festival was taken place in the presence of Velakuruchi Aadheenam, Sri La Sri Sathyagna Mahadeva Desikar, Kattalai Thambiran of Rajan Kattalai along with senior District officials. As usual the state police provided proper security arragement during the festivities. ,</div><p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/thousands-of-devotees-participate-in-aazhi-ther-festival-in-tiruvarur/article67975236.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/thousands-of-devotees-participate-in-aazhi-ther-festival-in-tiruvarur/article67975236.ece</a></p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2023/03/azhi-therottam-of-thiruvarur-is-to-be.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2023/03/azhi-therottam-of-thiruvarur-is-to-be.html</a></p><p><a href="https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/thiruvarur-thiyagarajar-temple-car-festival-2024">https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/thiruvarur-thiyagarajar-temple-car-festival-2024</a></p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2022/08/puri-jagannath-ratha-odisha-and-azhi.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2022/08/puri-jagannath-ratha-odisha-and-azhi.html</a></p><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-817668215602599402024-03-23T09:38:00.000-07:002024-03-23T22:54:50.591-07:00The East India Co was world's most violent, ,corrupt and manipulative ''Corporate Raider'' ever existed!!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFU-jtLmsy7jshKV81pi0enGW4yk7-qQnYjyFcshO8OANeiYVPmudl__Dunde4Uej3DEdz41MWJMWRa8Kn3jXv5L7mvEVITOfOGO3rdCTBQae9r55mjq8X51pkc4htKmvVrX52_BMeQZJF2Ox4nlbZPcEddPDVr_N909HoHEa02vwovIGCsgwiF3c72cON/s652/east%20india%20comapy.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="652" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFU-jtLmsy7jshKV81pi0enGW4yk7-qQnYjyFcshO8OANeiYVPmudl__Dunde4Uej3DEdz41MWJMWRa8Kn3jXv5L7mvEVITOfOGO3rdCTBQae9r55mjq8X51pkc4htKmvVrX52_BMeQZJF2Ox4nlbZPcEddPDVr_N909HoHEa02vwovIGCsgwiF3c72cON/s320/east%20india%20comapy.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East India Co, colonial trading co. bp.blogspot.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqQZMSZ7CTzJuvnrJpBqwKfneQ0rkIvJ01t_Q1o_5FQfsISuL5yM2Cj01lRtPo7EdZEuF8_0lynuGqa9D6i-Q3BE67EpD9vbj59MLvzdqBKO66KzwD0LQTNjD9A1DG2kUF1NskDPRbWVKpI7_koUkFx3bLHdACUhSQq6loMXIPAv77jMZeKjp-FAfFCWYD/s275/East-India-Trading-Company-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="275" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqQZMSZ7CTzJuvnrJpBqwKfneQ0rkIvJ01t_Q1o_5FQfsISuL5yM2Cj01lRtPo7EdZEuF8_0lynuGqa9D6i-Q3BE67EpD9vbj59MLvzdqBKO66KzwD0LQTNjD9A1DG2kUF1NskDPRbWVKpI7_koUkFx3bLHdACUhSQq6loMXIPAv77jMZeKjp-FAfFCWYD/s1600/East-India-Trading-Company-1.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">East India Co's HQ. London </span>/schoolworkhelper.net</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span>The East India Company, a British Corporate private company was started by a group of London based English merchants with <i>a Royal Charter </i>granted by Queen Elizabeth I on the last day of 1600 (Dec. 31,) CE. The Royal Charter bestowed the humble company exclusive overseas trading rights with t<i>he East Indies, a massive area extending from Africa’s Cape of Good Hope eastward to Cape Horn in South America.</i> It also recognized its monopoly in those lands and no other British subjects or companies could legally trade there. Yet another provision allowed the company to maintain an army to protect British interests and raids by competitors. </span>This special provision helped the English Co to firmly establish its monopoly in these regions over others from the UK.</p><p><span>No body would ever thought what stated out as a small London based private company with a nominal working capital would become an unusual brutal behemoth and establish its hegemony over scattered lands covering almost every continent across the globe despite acute competition from the Dutch, French and Portuguese companies operating in those areas.</span></p><p><span> Diligently employing right strategies and careful planning blended with wheeling and dealing, violence and unethical methods, it became a giant overseas <i>militarized corporate </i> and global player focusing only on profit-making; it was the first ever brutal raider on legitimate Indian kingdoms headed by rich Maharajahs and Nawabs . Its corporate violence and killings were far worse than the present day Drug Cartels of South America that are known for all forms of violence. Its activities were a source of shame for Britain dominated by institutionalized</span> exploitation of colonial resources through over-taxation and the slow drain of wealth which affected the Indian society and the rural economy. The opium farmers were exploited to the maximum</p><p><span> I</span>n the next two centuries the company's unpredictable moves and actions affected the quality of lives of millions of people across the globe, constituting British colonies including the Americas. The positive impact of this company on Britain was its enormous revenues that had improved the British economy, silver, gold reserve, quality of life and financed the <i>Industrial revolution </i>and infrastructure developments in the home land. Britain's GDP was just below 4 % whereas India and China had GDP more than 23%.<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span>The company's future fortune began in 1620 in the town of <i><b>Surat</b></i> (now a big city with a world class diamond center in Gujarat state) with <i><b>Thomas Roe</b></i> securing permit from the Mogul Emperor to build a factory and settlement for the English company. Since then the company's growth had been rapid and there was no turning back. Subsequently, it established settlements in Masulipatnam (AP), Madras (Chennai, TN) and Calcutta. </span></p><p><span>The EIC's move to establish a settlement and factory in Hooghly, Calcutta, Bengal in the mid 1750s was a turning point, the province was a huge fertile one with lots of natural resources that could be exploited commercially. Using the settlement as its springboard, the English company, driven by greed and motivation to make hefty profits, unethically took over Bengal and other the provinces one by one from the Indian rulers, </span><span>subjugating the natives, plundering natural resources and looting valuable treasures from across the land. W</span><span>ith diabolical strategy it laid the foundation for the most powerful multinational corporation upon which the British Empire was built by the British Crown. The annexation of Bengal province (including part of Bihar and Assam) </span><span>in early 1760s after three major decisive wars with the local ruler was a trump card. </span></p><p><span>Robert Clive’s victory gave the English Co the rights to collect revenue (Diwani rights) and introduce broad taxation powers in Bengal. </span>Robert Clive (known as Clive of India) illegally seized £2.5million from the defeated rulers of Bengal and he pocketed a personal fortune then valued at £234,000 This made him the richest self-made man –British Nabob in Europe. Thus he became the father of corruption in India which the politicians followed suite across the globe . Clive did much of his plundering in Bengal and shipped a vast collection of artifacts, jewelry, etc., back to London. Thus using the company Clive and his cronies introduced and institutionalized corruption, collection of commission on the sidelines and abuse of power in the administration. Bribes were routinely handed out and officials without any shame often stole valuable stuff from the people they ruled</p><p>In the subsequent years the business model of the company changed from the traditional ones - trading in spices, textiles, etc., to that of collection of taxes from the revenue lands, Indigo and Opium exports, etc.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZY7wvNYLojx7I0xWyjoxKLcFRJI5725DQ98qQTlsLwzSvVrlC01o_FX3SDqDuK3fZB1jfJN3ewbuWL2nWRljglyIZ8O0r6NC2bQ0gR6w66lRahbSYVczwlp_0ApcXd5DHf3Oa2PVnfJvd_30935t92HAQ2A9Sizp_9n159ECaLWRTLm0k_X9d1nIDMs1K/s1200/East-India-Company.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1200" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZY7wvNYLojx7I0xWyjoxKLcFRJI5725DQ98qQTlsLwzSvVrlC01o_FX3SDqDuK3fZB1jfJN3ewbuWL2nWRljglyIZ8O0r6NC2bQ0gR6w66lRahbSYVczwlp_0ApcXd5DHf3Oa2PVnfJvd_30935t92HAQ2A9Sizp_9n159ECaLWRTLm0k_X9d1nIDMs1K/s320/East-India-Company.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EIC, violent Indian land raider. 3-ap-south-1.amazonaws.com</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><div><span> </span><span><span>Mind you it</span><span> was not<i> the British government under the Crown that captured India, but a private company, run by London based directors</i>. It is the </span></span><span>the largest and longest-la</span><span>sting joint stock company with limited liability of its day, raised capital by selling shares to the public. It was governed by a president, but also a <i>“board of control” or “board of officers</i>.” The stock -holders also had the rights to question the company's business activities.</span><p><span>The employees of the company worked in tropical India with unfavorable hot weather in the summer. </span><span>The mortality rate for the Europeans was shockingly 30%. Reason: Diseases like Malaria and small pox were common, so were the wild animal attacks and snake bites in the w</span><span>ooded areas.</span><span> The company gave them additional incentives like</span><span> to trade for their own private interest overseas The opportunities to make extra bucks on the sides were enormous with cheating, smuggling, etc. The company won't question them. </span></p><p><span><span>The board in London recruited qualified men from the elite group to run the subcontinent according to their dictates. . Later the company became </span><span>a proxy for the Crown administration as the revenue was enormous</span></span><span>. With the introduction of </span><span><i><b>“India Act</b></i>,” in 1784 - the British government would control the lands in India held by the company. This move cut down its trading / governing power, but marked the beginning of the British Empire. </span></p><p><span>EIC was a model of corporate violence marked by military conquest, plundering and subjugation, administrate skill with limited manpower and military power. </span>The company introduced many administrative reforms to manage the lands by dividing them under the presidency into <i>Districts headed by District Collector </i>for proper collection of taxes from fertile lands, etc. </p><p><span>The Subsidiary allowance was a money spinning strategy. The profitable services included </span><span> managing the Princely ruler's kingdom </span><span>and providing military services against enemy attacks</span><span> for an annual fee plus maintenance of the British army stationed in the kingdom. that could be hiked at will.</span><span> </span><span>The corpora</span>te created more than 500 princely states across India that were not a part of the British Empire officially. These 500 princely states covered 48 per cent of the Pre-Independent Indian area. If the annual allowances were not paid, the company would take over the kingdom and its revenue. If the Hindu ruler does not have a legal heir the company will capture the kingdom under t<i>he Doctrine of Lapse. </i></p><p><span>In its early stages the company with limited resources protected the settlement from the enemy attacks by fortifying them. The company improved the infrastructures like the Railways, harbors, highways, etc., to make their export operations easy. To elance the income</span><span>, in </span><span>the 19th century, they developed tea, coffee plantations in places like Assam, Bengal and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. </span></p><p><span>EIC got the bad reputation of turning a large section of Chinese into Opium dependent. The illegal export of Opium through their agents to China in the 18th and 19th centuries gave a big boost to the company and the Crown after 1858 continued it for some time. The income was so vast more than 2000 clerks manned the Opium Agency in 100 office in the northern states to procure and process the harvested opium. The company earned additional income using their cargo ships from India to China and from their to England. </span><span>Anthropologist Nicholas Saunders in his book<i> ''The Poppy: A Cultural History from Ancient Egypt to Flanders Fields to Afghanistan (2013'').</i></span><span> mentioned, </span><i>“The two Opium Wars and the vast wealth in silver it generate</i><i>d for the British government and traders probably gave rise to a lot of London’s great institutions and architecture,”</i><span>. The lure of profits took them to a different direction </span><span><i>Author Thomas Manuel</i> in his book<i> Opium Inc</i> (2021) noted<i> </i></span><span><i> </i></span><span><i>“The British were enabling the longest running drug deal in the history of the world,” They were getting huge profit at the cost of spoiling the lives of million of people in China despite the ban on the narcotic drug''</i>.</span></p><p><span>In order to be in the good book of Queen Victoria, EIC pleased her then and there with gifts from the spoils of war- example: Koh-I-Noor diamond, Largest red Spinel, Nadir Shah's Sword, etc. </span></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1QKxqeVeB5dT66hTXfVpvnqw8IEsBGo54atlCtn1y025FTY4iwnQ5yWd2FDYFwh0gyQlz1UKRczXmcTMlaqCkHbTme4JomUEQZuI34Kze2RVaMp8N9H4l5hfUbQPibm8Jr6KCG_u_hyphenhyphen6j9GZyCSXJv4hJH80XuCx79llmToizNp-mOMQHgi1uw9gX6WB/s600/567730b86e510a6f3a759509_india_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1QKxqeVeB5dT66hTXfVpvnqw8IEsBGo54atlCtn1y025FTY4iwnQ5yWd2FDYFwh0gyQlz1UKRczXmcTMlaqCkHbTme4JomUEQZuI34Kze2RVaMp8N9H4l5hfUbQPibm8Jr6KCG_u_hyphenhyphen6j9GZyCSXJv4hJH80XuCx79llmToizNp-mOMQHgi1uw9gX6WB/s320/567730b86e510a6f3a759509_india_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">scoopwhoop.com</td></tr></tbody></table><span>The company's atrocities peaked in the 1850s with a large army of more than 200000 soldiers backed by powerful artilleries, On account of exploitation of Opium farmers, racism and illegal take over of many kingdoms with military force it led to 1857-58 Great rebellion by the revolting soldiers against EIC. The Independence war witnessed killing of tens of thousands of people which culminated in the take over of the subcontinent by the direct crown administration. In the later years the company was dissolved by the British government. EIC involvement in slavery, colonial loot and violence exploitation are deeply embedded in everyday life in England and no doubt they </span>entwined with Britain's modern prosperity.</p><p><span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders</a></span></p><div><span><p><span><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/0">https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/0</a><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/04/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.htm">4/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.htm</a>l</span></p><p><span><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/opium-the-drug-that-gave-colonialism-a-real-high-8939768/">https://indianexpress.com/article/research/opium-the-drug-that-gave-colonialism-a-real-high-8939768/</a></span></p></span></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-24879719150237334692024-03-23T01:29:00.000-07:002024-03-24T04:53:15.759-07:00How did East India Co keep the Chinese high on drug despite protests and two opium wars - 19th century ? <p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX8I-jztZmwEk5_5QQ_y4QAqyL0ZH3Co87_KuRB7_StxUctdp_o964oEKooYy-jrF4M2DOe873MINWbOrYBj70qZG-nk-6_icLO89WULeZvVjErSjOYwcoHHYxxPa1tXKyg5G6TczCaErisvA0TH3dWf_an1TtY5UrG-3XvR-VmV_r5A86c1ePRB9ndfa8/s4761/mNXFJTR7dFBTR1-CQCiqVe_a41wTq1eqt8ThqcgM1DQ.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3703" data-original-width="4761" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX8I-jztZmwEk5_5QQ_y4QAqyL0ZH3Co87_KuRB7_StxUctdp_o964oEKooYy-jrF4M2DOe873MINWbOrYBj70qZG-nk-6_icLO89WULeZvVjErSjOYwcoHHYxxPa1tXKyg5G6TczCaErisvA0TH3dWf_an1TtY5UrG-3XvR-VmV_r5A86c1ePRB9ndfa8/s320/mNXFJTR7dFBTR1-CQCiqVe_a41wTq1eqt8ThqcgM1DQ.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chinese Opium ivory pipe. reddit.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrs6pmAuME02DmdrarpIYHz5Zu5KnHemEr2V7Dg2UjlieYRKJGmrbgkkfAoKtMNFcmWR9MzMc8r8Derbv2YLIU2Mi06kB63mk8uTF8MADoQ2F45yabluRZo8fUnav83VDOLPI8RI5Mls7KQn4bWxDi2nTCjWyq1el9BPqmO1ZbfZinTQfRhBkQf1kyoSP/s900/opium-poppy-flower-and-seed-heads-philippe-psailascience-photo-library.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="900" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrs6pmAuME02DmdrarpIYHz5Zu5KnHemEr2V7Dg2UjlieYRKJGmrbgkkfAoKtMNFcmWR9MzMc8r8Derbv2YLIU2Mi06kB63mk8uTF8MADoQ2F45yabluRZo8fUnav83VDOLPI8RI5Mls7KQn4bWxDi2nTCjWyq1el9BPqmO1ZbfZinTQfRhBkQf1kyoSP/s320/opium-poppy-flower-and-seed-heads-philippe-psailascience-photo-library.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opium Poppy flower. images.fineartamerica.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><span>Britain’s social, economic and political development had a direct link with illegal opium export from India to China, exploitation of poor Indian farmers and slavery by the English company, which was the first militarized corporate in the world in the 18th and 19th century. At one stage in the later period, EIC had a well organized powerful army with more than 250000 soldiers including Indians backed by advanced artillery power and ammunitions. EIC had built several cantonments and barracks across India to protect and defend its commercial operations and illegal seizing of Indian lands.The Meerut Cantonment in UP and Barrackpore cantonment in West Bengal were quite famous with army hospitals and churches.</span></p><p><span><span>Centuries ago tea being a fashionable drink for the British elite in the social clubs or gatherings, it started flowing like water and the ladies and gents enjoyed having a delightful conversation over matter related to the latest fashions, polities, etc., with a hot brew in their hand. </span><span> O</span><span>bsessed with tea as far back as 1650s, the British consumption of tea from China had increased drastically over the years</span><span> and it meant that the East India company had to import large quantity of tea from China by paying either in silver or gold. It put a strain on the British treasury as the metal reserve was draining out quickly impacting trade balance with China. The bottle neck was Chinese refusal to open up trade. China </span><span>was not enthusiastic about exotic </span><span> British products from the sale of which the balance of payment could be adjusted. </span></span></p><p><span><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2wckS30jS_SXOzTY12yjv4KorMd9olkECPtGXUZQBOrh3GkUGezCMG3E6WLgfxN7T8Vk-MsmVaTmFKsqQ1QE6p6OV2CJEWva7Zdai2qP5gNyOm_6eYZ15A9S9edYuhgQrJhDHpltsoQwHDtOZKh2lg4AVJzMx5IOCNpS9hYtsDG5axgNaAKYgOZLxxg7o/s500/800px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="365" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2wckS30jS_SXOzTY12yjv4KorMd9olkECPtGXUZQBOrh3GkUGezCMG3E6WLgfxN7T8Vk-MsmVaTmFKsqQ1QE6p6OV2CJEWva7Zdai2qP5gNyOm_6eYZ15A9S9edYuhgQrJhDHpltsoQwHDtOZKh2lg4AVJzMx5IOCNpS9hYtsDG5axgNaAKYgOZLxxg7o/s320/800px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpeg" width="234" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> China and India. Centuries of exploitation by EIC assets.sutori.com/</span></td></tr></tbody></table>/<br /> The tax of 10% on tea yielded substantial income for the crown to meet the various needs to run the administration, civic services etc. </span></span>By the end of 18th century the trade between China and England was restricted only to tea. So the crown allowed the expansion of the trading activities of the EIC overseas. </p><p><span><span>The East India company which began its trade activities in 1620 in Surat (Gujarat), had expanded well and built a major settlement in Calcutta in the fertile province of Bengal. Armed with Special Royal Charter to maintain an army to protect its settlement, etc over the years the company became autocratic and brutal using the military power to seize Bengal in the late 1760s </span></span> under ruthless <b>Robert Clive </b>with trickery, betrayal, broken treaties, lure of corruption, power etc. The tax collection rights (Diwani), and full control of Bengal and the income from various resources gave the company lots of income and encouraged them to capture more provinces using military and manipulative political strategies. </p><p><span>Having come to know about the </span>small scale opium cultivation in Bengal and the weakness of Chinese for smoking opium, the English company was committed to embarking on a different area of operation -<i> illegal export of processed opium to China</i> where the targets were the rich and middle class people. To produce it cheaper and reach common people in China, EIC discovered a new type of <i>smoking opium</i> - (process involves soaking it in tobacco for a specified time after drying the freshly cultivated poppy flowers). Bent on getting the needed silver or gold from China without any moral ground, the company had started the worlds' first illegal trafficking of processed opium to China from on a larger scale from India despite ban by the Chinese rulers. Ships laden with opium first sailed from the Calcutta harbor and later from Bombay covering part of the Arabian sea, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the South China sea.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRpKhyphenhyphen18H7pedXwPWbqlrvEqYjsWtlwDV5KP_1AelVPEm3McEPokJFG6Wuh2memX8fyRtuDdzY0Btojza_IJ8yn9rlvg5YM2rPzwtq7dc3zvBN6Ih2JVT2SX0KZeIEqQHJWSdiy1CorWulWZE3G91J752OIBKenSyHcjwvk3zfRGylFLlBXeijIBDcNLW/s1280/maxresdefault%20(6).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRpKhyphenhyphen18H7pedXwPWbqlrvEqYjsWtlwDV5KP_1AelVPEm3McEPokJFG6Wuh2memX8fyRtuDdzY0Btojza_IJ8yn9rlvg5YM2rPzwtq7dc3zvBN6Ih2JVT2SX0KZeIEqQHJWSdiy1CorWulWZE3G91J752OIBKenSyHcjwvk3zfRGylFLlBXeijIBDcNLW/s320/maxresdefault%20(6).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">.ytimg.com/v</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Chinese authorities posted extra officials on the east coastal areas to prevent the import of illegal drug to protect the health of its people. However the English corporation was keen to make a large section of people feel high so that opium sale would flourish and increase the gold/silver reserve in the British treasury. </p><p> EIC ingeniously formed a group of traders (mostly British) with license from them who would carry on illegal trafficking with Chinese smuggles along the east coastal towns. The licensed traders were mostly based near Calcutta and later around Bombay harbors who were the real operator, transporting and loading opium chests aboard the British ships. and regularly sailing to China. The opium chests were carefully unloaded away from the Chinese coasts at predetermined rendezvous points in the sea and the trusted smugglers there would make proper payment and delivery to the specified selling agents of narcotics. The agents also had the EIC ships loaded with Chinese stuff destined for England The unethical, immoral and illegal opium export to China by the English continued for a long period and this operation saw the British coffers. rapidly filling up precious metal for international payment. To earn more gold and silver, the English company never stopped the illegal export of opium to China and kept the Chinese population hooked to the narcotic specially made in EIC factories in UP and other places in India. This narcotic operation left the opium farmers in India high and dry with no profits. Under duress and police force, they were forced to raise opium in the field. By 1770 a large swathe of land in Bengal, Bihar and UP was under opium. EIC forced the Princely states to cultivate opium. Its militarized operation was quite visible in the early part of the 19th century during this opium smuggling.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQH4EHSLErbEogOvWAQ6csNSLs07MxAwbOI2_Fv4CvtDUKZqELc0pWe9clwzx75XUo7SqnrBzZf8S6Gb-97rl9XR84iiaK_buqZPX7E-imkTmnFaQ59YRH4gyTYbvCwgye8WnLkiJlG5oYscYeEEvXAQ-m0GIIExnkg6Oh2vXe2OJRlwQyQF5OKAt1X0L8/s400/Government%20Opium%20Factory%20Ghazipur_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="400" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQH4EHSLErbEogOvWAQ6csNSLs07MxAwbOI2_Fv4CvtDUKZqELc0pWe9clwzx75XUo7SqnrBzZf8S6Gb-97rl9XR84iiaK_buqZPX7E-imkTmnFaQ59YRH4gyTYbvCwgye8WnLkiJlG5oYscYeEEvXAQ-m0GIIExnkg6Oh2vXe2OJRlwQyQF5OKAt1X0L8/s320/Government%20Opium%20Factory%20Ghazipur_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="rn92ee" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="o5rIVb irc_hol i3724 irc_lth" data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_7KH8iKvaAhUGwI8KHeFmCc0QjB16BAgAEAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihartimes.in%2Farticles%2Famarnath%2Fopium.html&psig=AOvVaw1BiZBaJ0gS4RH9yaOThQSa&ust=1523276626371630" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwj_7KH8iKvaAhUGwI8KHeFmCc0QjB16BAgAEAQ" href="https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_7KH8iKvaAhUGwI8KHeFmCc0QjB16BAgAEAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihartimes.in%2Farticles%2Famarnath%2Fopium.html&psig=AOvVaw1BiZBaJ0gS4RH9yaOThQSa&ust=1523276626371630" rel="noopener" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #fe4f70; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Govt. Opium factory, Ghazipur India. Bihar Times</span></a></span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjN0ZKFz2t7To7Dk1jqa5U3xJxtgqwfSz4gLfhbcOV9QAjZZeVNWL-nDSyKLMN8qT8oFpadQl6UzhtA4cGS9omPLBFukBWHGCivkobdec_EzMFDPZ5kv-Y5UBlM6Y6xF4ofrxELz15Qpj5ur2LG_hPNxpUUshBMLz7LdbWx-gXYICDIEnFFqyxSjH2N1eMO" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjN0ZKFz2t7To7Dk1jqa5U3xJxtgqwfSz4gLfhbcOV9QAjZZeVNWL-nDSyKLMN8qT8oFpadQl6UzhtA4cGS9omPLBFukBWHGCivkobdec_EzMFDPZ5kv-Y5UBlM6Y6xF4ofrxELz15Qpj5ur2LG_hPNxpUUshBMLz7LdbWx-gXYICDIEnFFqyxSjH2N1eMO" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="rn92ee" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="o5rIVb irc_hol i3724 irc_lth" data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwitpfWUkKvaAhUKRY8KHYuAB_oQjB16BAgAEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fjhaney96%2Fthe-new-imperialism-notes&psig=AOvVaw1jm39YIWVymlifwu9uJC2r&ust=1523292221423954" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwitpfWUkKvaAhUKRY8KHYuAB_oQjB16BAgAEAQ" href="https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwitpfWUkKvaAhUKRY8KHYuAB_oQjB16BAgAEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fjhaney96%2Fthe-new-imperialism-notes&psig=AOvVaw1jm39YIWVymlifwu9uJC2r&ust=1523292221423954" rel="noopener" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #fe4f70; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">SlideShare</span></a></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Addiction to opium became widespread in China, causing serious social and economic disruption. By 1797, the EIC was selling 4,000 chests of opium (each weighing 77 kg) to private merchants per annum. By 1833, the Chinese opium trade soared to 30,000 chests.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdcU5SrUDfgRT-lI3Sx-aXUWUw3FrOYyD55T35R0jKhgh0LzkmLrtAdT5e45JHSluMaoDBJmCLhb4xswWTCgF7mS4bWZPBG8wBm00qBkaTbpqd5-oZ45Sd-oWkwUACHQm5kJcfNF-IwVtx4WDX71oGSlRa2rXzhrPFZrdfXh23COcO_xFJ1kRoZCatHgBf/s1024/the-opium-wars-some-quick-facts-l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdcU5SrUDfgRT-lI3Sx-aXUWUw3FrOYyD55T35R0jKhgh0LzkmLrtAdT5e45JHSluMaoDBJmCLhb4xswWTCgF7mS4bWZPBG8wBm00qBkaTbpqd5-oZ45Sd-oWkwUACHQm5kJcfNF-IwVtx4WDX71oGSlRa2rXzhrPFZrdfXh23COcO_xFJ1kRoZCatHgBf/s320/the-opium-wars-some-quick-facts-l.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">/image2.slideserve.com/</td></tr></tbody></table>This led to two opium wars with China between 1839 and 1942 ,and the other one between 1856 to-1860. The treaty of 1842 required China to pay an indemnity of $21 million, to cede Hong Kong to the British, and to increase the number of treaty ports where the British can trade and reside from one to five. The second war broke out due to additional concession by the British. The 1858 ended in favor of the British During the peak of the illegal opium export the operation was done exclusively under Opium Agency with more than 2000 clerks and 100 offices across the opium producing areas of India.</p><p><span><span><i>Author Thomas Manuel</i> in his book<i> Opium Inc</i> (2021) noted </span><span> </span><span>“The British were enabling the longest running drug deal in the history of the world,” They were getting huge profit at the cost of spoiling the lives of million of people in China despite the ban on the narcotic drug. Without any moral obligation or scruples <i>they kept a large percentage of Chine population high on drug</i> with selfish motivation and, at the same time the English company, backed by the police force forced the Indian farmers in Bengal, Bihar and UP to cultivate opium and keep them i<i>n bondage or servitude</i> by offering advance money for the crops which had be adjusted from the wages. There was no room for them to see any profit, and whatever small lands they held they became unfit for raising other crops in the later years because of soil contamination. a small population of the subcontinent in the north was affected by opium addiction. Paradoxically, the British government safeguarded their population with stringent laws against opium use in their own country.</span><span> </span><span> </span></span></p><p><span>The East India company, illegally took over countless Kingdoms to get additional revenue, but the profit from the export of opium was way high..</span></p><p><span><span>Anthropologist Nicholas Saunders in his book<i> ''The Poppy: A Cultural History from Ancient Egypt to Flanders Fields to Afghanistan (2013'').</i></span><span> mentioned, </span><i>“The two Opium Wars and the vast wealth in silver it generated for the British government and traders probably gave rise to a lot of London’s great institutions and architecture,”</i></span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/04/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/04/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.html</a></span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/767792/Taboo-BBC-Tom-Hardy-East-India-Company-history">https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/767792/Taboo-BBC-Tom-Hardy-East-India-Company-history</a></span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raider">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raider</a>s</span></p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/04/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.htm">htts://www.navrangindia.in/2018/04/oldest-opium-factory-at-ghazipur-india.htm</a>l</p><p><span><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/opium-the-drug-that-gave-colonialism-a-real-high-8939768/">https://indianexpress.com/article/research/opium-the-drug-that-gave-colonialism-a-real-high-8939768/</a></span></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comPV36+8C4, Chennathur Road, Tamil Nadu 635109, India12.7032774 77.8610812-20.243903893687559 42.704831200000008 45.650458693687554 113.0173312tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-74436365605622262432024-03-22T01:49:00.000-07:002024-03-23T22:56:59.222-07:00East India Company - world's first major ''Opium' producer and illegal exporter'' (18th - 19th century)!!<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGy3QxHzRZfxLT6dwjcJ2T3-U9B3kiJafSdtNpYBYrcu2zbyDJFMt6E3K35U0XMjhk9IZEJ0SxPiOmn1pWiB6I6b-5gAFYyHuAllxWJjUIO0pvkv1ZL41Qky7W8My0P1R3ZQPBVMND7BnDt1Am9lhhbrTIjFyTrgVxDGgotC6Sz_EaHQ5dWudtzzhDyqY/s460/header.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="460" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGy3QxHzRZfxLT6dwjcJ2T3-U9B3kiJafSdtNpYBYrcu2zbyDJFMt6E3K35U0XMjhk9IZEJ0SxPiOmn1pWiB6I6b-5gAFYyHuAllxWJjUIO0pvkv1ZL41Qky7W8My0P1R3ZQPBVMND7BnDt1Am9lhhbrTIjFyTrgVxDGgotC6Sz_EaHQ5dWudtzzhDyqY/w400-h188/header.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">store.steampowered.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span><i><b></b></i></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIOISIp7yEQzAz2b1JGxG-AaoAFjS8gRq8bfni8nxzGPKLpQTfeW0rmoUekFxmrSO3mFRgc8VRVsDQMl964KcQ__ON-QTurp8mynzblI3uyWxkDxBxqb0dlMuXaFJEYuF31XXUHixoLaqtLWMib24xhdbjprYYRY1r-Sxv8b5qh_-zC_n6VPKuHWWb2H5G/s500/0047285-CARTOON-OPIUM-WAR-1864-To-the-Weak-Relation-Cartoon-from-an-American-newspaper-showing-John-Bull-England-forcing-China-to-accept-opium-Cartoon-1864.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="500" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIOISIp7yEQzAz2b1JGxG-AaoAFjS8gRq8bfni8nxzGPKLpQTfeW0rmoUekFxmrSO3mFRgc8VRVsDQMl964KcQ__ON-QTurp8mynzblI3uyWxkDxBxqb0dlMuXaFJEYuF31XXUHixoLaqtLWMib24xhdbjprYYRY1r-Sxv8b5qh_-zC_n6VPKuHWWb2H5G/s320/0047285-CARTOON-OPIUM-WAR-1864-To-the-Weak-Relation-Cartoon-from-an-American-newspaper-showing-John-Bull-England-forcing-China-to-accept-opium-Cartoon-1864.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Chinese population addict granger.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><span>Above image: British Bob and the Chinese addict. Credit goes to the East India company based in India which turned a large section of Chinese into habitual opium smokers. The more Chinese became addicts, the bigger the profit went to the company's coffers....</span></span></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQX1b6tr7RT-7Ul3J8BAEEwYqs21w7PLGbRp3R5EM85F7tyA1TkZb_ROxIBeI2GqLS0HSelMO8bTsTxJn1TFilUaZ2MdYQBlfrGP7aAm-9WofU9qjPae54L444CFJ-7uw-WjrfoKnhk44FKF-h6L4l6wwi-9HaG_Pm8IviXbP8ak_CVj3R-dgY-_sdogMR/s1024/east-india-company-2-1024.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQX1b6tr7RT-7Ul3J8BAEEwYqs21w7PLGbRp3R5EM85F7tyA1TkZb_ROxIBeI2GqLS0HSelMO8bTsTxJn1TFilUaZ2MdYQBlfrGP7aAm-9WofU9qjPae54L444CFJ-7uw-WjrfoKnhk44FKF-h6L4l6wwi-9HaG_Pm8IviXbP8ak_CVj3R-dgY-_sdogMR/s320/east-india-company-2-1024.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arrival of English Co in India. lideshare.ne</td></tr></tbody></table><span><span><br /> The East India Company founded by British investors in 1600 with a Royal Charter (trhat granted it a monopoly over business with Asia) </span></span><span><span>from Queen Elizabeth I was the first registered company in the world producing opium in India and illegally exporting large quantity to China mainly to barter opium for tea and to improve gold / silver reserve for international trade. In the late 18th and 19th century the autocratic English company was the modern day version of <b><i>the Sinaloa drug Cartel</i></b> founded in the late 1980s and based in Mexico. Considered the biggest supplier of illegal drugs to the US worth billion of dollars, the Sinaloa Cartel was known for its brute forces to run the illegal trafficking. Unlike Sinaloa which has aggressive rivals like </span></span><span>the <i><b>Jalisco drug cartel of Mexico</b></i>. the EIC never had any competitor, but was equally brutal and good at illegal trafficking of opium centuries ago. </span><p></p><span>China banned import of drug like opium centuries ago as it </span><span>was dangerous to smoke or chew with tobacco, so EIC officials being shrewd as they were, saw to it the company was not directly involved in opium export. To run the illegal trafficking, the company relied on what were called <i><b>''</b></i></span><span><b><i>country traders”</i> </b>i.e., private traders <i>'licensed by the company'' </i> to take goods from India to China. The country traders, in collusion with local smugglers operating on the east coastal towns like Canton sold opium and got the payment in gold or silver or sometimes tea, etc. The British needed silver or gold to import Chinese Pottery, silk, etc. To counterbalance the shortage of gold and silver foreign reserve, EIC illegally exported processed opium to meet import obligations from China.</span><div><br /><i><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf273CpgAF2sktZAx3ZObYN6ZolvD-eks0G8Ks2b1j60jCtw92UM1AxwfkVxCr0giAMEYz6ONQOEnI5Sa7efCPq9k51A1bqTEyI6Zl8rwufT3kBXk2WGkcP8zYSuEacNPJDe2f_TEEpVncGutzrp9stYDT4UTmwTsEsjgGcblf9sKUuEZUHgA0KAV0665Z/s611/opiumwar.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="611" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf273CpgAF2sktZAx3ZObYN6ZolvD-eks0G8Ks2b1j60jCtw92UM1AxwfkVxCr0giAMEYz6ONQOEnI5Sa7efCPq9k51A1bqTEyI6Zl8rwufT3kBXk2WGkcP8zYSuEacNPJDe2f_TEEpVncGutzrp9stYDT4UTmwTsEsjgGcblf9sKUuEZUHgA0KAV0665Z/s320/opiumwar.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illegal opium sea route to China from India timewisetraveller.co.uk<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></b></i><div><span>In the middle of 1700s, EIC consolidated its hold in India and ran a proxy government <span>backed by c</span><span>ompany’s royal charter that allowed it to use military force to protect itself, its settlements and fight rival traders. The East India Company and its servants had highly profitable trading interests in the province of Bengal which was rich in natural resources and fertile lands. The company took control of </span><span>huge Bengal province by 1765 under Robert Clive from the Mogul rulers after winning three major battles. The <i>Diwan</i>i rights gave them the power to collect the revenues from the huge province including part of Bihar and Assam. Primarily ETC was a wholesale importer of tea from China as the demand was way high in England and the tax on tea 10% was good enough to meet all the expenses to run the government, infrastructure development, etc. The British crown allowed its overseas operation in particular from India. </span></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span>With additional revenue from Bengal, taking the cue from the Dutch East India Company, EIC focused on export of Opium to China. They came up with a new version of <i>smoking opium</i> - tobacco soaked in opium for smoking and it got good demand on the market. </span>In the late 1700s India's opium production was low about 10000 chest (wt. of each chest was 65 kg. The new type of opium was popular and the mark up was good. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL4zAoJt21zV2xZmvRw7AJSwLaP82o7MsCC28jq-9PR854E-53-wg3fizSRU_W5lRRV34O5YzjpP9dlsGvXggJ9livT4p0_vOXcL_rnbcgSGeNYoMdfGFDxlm-EXodGmpDCc1mIPmcTNsOqrBxpguDm1_6pSoe91C6VjPvNLwEw8hkufwXOb7fg0lxnaS/s1536/_108388076_examroom.jpg.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1211" data-original-width="1536" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL4zAoJt21zV2xZmvRw7AJSwLaP82o7MsCC28jq-9PR854E-53-wg3fizSRU_W5lRRV34O5YzjpP9dlsGvXggJ9livT4p0_vOXcL_rnbcgSGeNYoMdfGFDxlm-EXodGmpDCc1mIPmcTNsOqrBxpguDm1_6pSoe91C6VjPvNLwEw8hkufwXOb7fg0lxnaS/s320/_108388076_examroom.jpg.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">opium factory in north India. bbc.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span>EIC forced the Indian farmers to raise opium in their lands by using brute forces during that period. In the late 1700s large areas in north India, including the Princely state lands and company held plantation came under opium cultivation. EIC also built factories to process opium in India to be exported to China and elsewhere. The opium factory located in the town of <i>Ghazipur, Utter Pradesh</i>, during the colonial period, was the first one in India (1820) and was the main source of opium production in India.. It is now known as the<i> Opium Factory Ghazipur or more formally, the Government Opium and Alkaloid Works</i></div><div><br /></div><div>By 1773 EIC was the main supplier of opium to China through illegal channels.</div><div><span> In mid 1830s the EIC was exporting opium worth 15 million dollars annually. </span> EIC pushed more export of opium to China, unmindful of a big chunk of population becoming slaves to opium smoking. In 1834-35 alone, the English Co. exported 10,107 chests of opium from Calcutta to China, chiefly to the port of Canton (now known as Guangzhou) , unashamedly turning a large population of Chinese into zombies</div><p><span>T</span><span>he East Indian Company ran the trade diligently under </span><span>a powerful colonial institution called the <i><b>Opium Agency</b></i></span><span> backed by government machinery and protection forces with 2500 employees and 100 offices. The agency kept an eye on the Indian poppy peasants and enforced contracts and quality. Threats, kidnapping and punishment - criminal prosecution and jail for erring farmers were common if farmers failed to follow the government orders. <i>They were as brutal murderous and aggressive as the present day Drug Lords of Mexico or Columbia. </i></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5D5abPTbzKtl0dBkyPuhJGjRgvbD3KS8A0YFjEWrGr2TSjXj5Ku3C4TfC81pLSxXIwGAZ8rcV05pLYBoKryQD0VZwioErx5buIaobO2Mc_QgRm415BtGJqkT_5rTYvvAsLHIq5q_1iQW7BkZDvIsD3SabsDcZlxCHbPJ-W5_D2tAtrZSt8hEae4kpsiN/s630/Img2-SmokingOpium-web.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><b><i><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="630" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5D5abPTbzKtl0dBkyPuhJGjRgvbD3KS8A0YFjEWrGr2TSjXj5Ku3C4TfC81pLSxXIwGAZ8rcV05pLYBoKryQD0VZwioErx5buIaobO2Mc_QgRm415BtGJqkT_5rTYvvAsLHIq5q_1iQW7BkZDvIsD3SabsDcZlxCHbPJ-W5_D2tAtrZSt8hEae4kpsiN/s320/Img2-SmokingOpium-web.jpg" width="320" /></i></b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chinese opium addicts 17th-18th CE agencebeable2.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><i style="font-weight: bold;"></i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi82RiHOn6acTEqnGakXIE2tNxxqAdJPScv1aTusJbqH0RPtwu9HiPARCEaref8bNfEHE3Y5ny-5pILatAhLZjOE_77Gf-Z8F2wVpS-lNXSCB0khaiibqoBzJjHM9elntfZRBwdkG14UUyl2Q6Z9XC5x2A7of3IuVA7JbdIrpaNsxTqjV8jD54lq0Y0Jpc4/s1040/Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1040" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi82RiHOn6acTEqnGakXIE2tNxxqAdJPScv1aTusJbqH0RPtwu9HiPARCEaref8bNfEHE3Y5ny-5pILatAhLZjOE_77Gf-Z8F2wVpS-lNXSCB0khaiibqoBzJjHM9elntfZRBwdkG14UUyl2Q6Z9XC5x2A7of3IuVA7JbdIrpaNsxTqjV8jD54lq0Y0Jpc4/s320/Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: normal;">EIC first opium war en.wikipedia.org<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Above image; Opium wars were fought between the British Empire and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842,. primary cause: Illegal dumping of opium by the British despite the ban on Opium. This state-run trade was achieved largely through two wars, which forced China to open its doors to British Indian opium. Historian <i><b>William Dalrymple,</b></i> author of <i>The Anarchy</i>, a new book on the East India Company, says it "<i>ferried opium to China, fighting the opium wars in order to seize an offshore base at Hong Kong and safeguard its profitable monopoly in narcotics"..<b>...................</b></i></div><div><p>The English company became autocratic and illtreated the natives besides taking over the Indian kingdoms illegally using various excuses. This led to a major widespread rebellion in 1857-58 in the north Indian states. Opium financed British rule in India 'but it wrecked the lives of Opium farmers and their lands. Not happy with the EIC and its illegal activities with a military force of more than 200000 men, the Crown administration took over complete control of the Indian subcontinents; in the later years, EIC was dissolved by the British government. Its 231 year of trade activities in India came to an end., The very settlement was built in 1612 in Surat (Gujarat), now a major Diamond center in the world.</p><p><span><span>During the Raj after 1859 export of opium to China continued for some period. </span><span>The opium trade kept growing after the British government took direct control of India. </span></span>Exports increased from 4,000 chests per year at the beginning of the 19th Century to more than 60,000 chests by the 1880s. Opium, says Dr Bauer, a German historian for the large part of the 19th Century, the second-most important source of revenue for the colonial state. It was only outmatched by land taxes. colonial India remained the world's biggest producer of legal opium for the global pharmaceutical market.</p><div><span><p><span><a href="ttps://thetyee.ca/Culture/2024/03/19/What-Opium-History-Tells-Us-Today-Drug">ttps://thetyee.ca/Culture/2024/03/19/What-Opium-History-Tells-Us-Today-Drug</a>-War/</span></p><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders</a></p><p><span><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/how-east-india-company-became-worlds-most-powerful-busine">https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/how-east-india-company-became-worlds-most-powerful-busine</a>s</span></p></span></div><p><span></span></p><div><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49404024">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49404024</a></div><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-78991699162894194402024-03-20T22:40:00.000-07:002024-03-20T22:43:43.765-07:00British Schools in England teach distorted past colonial history to hide the darker side! - 03<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcrvjdbIqhj2MBf79xE0U7dPy7KmanqNCZhamtOvRhGG3uw_Rp5xkfKpGkc5h5pL1LA-s4qFb8QIH_GDxMd_APvuSSUD2DDBkYnAwwTox4kJQFljLl370c58ffz3KI4ybpaKEM0ZuMZNRWBRH9tNiRzlqw2d0bAbrCPV8IDKfZP9OHN9HpH_ejNJ9ajmS7/s1280/maxresdefault%20(5).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcrvjdbIqhj2MBf79xE0U7dPy7KmanqNCZhamtOvRhGG3uw_Rp5xkfKpGkc5h5pL1LA-s4qFb8QIH_GDxMd_APvuSSUD2DDBkYnAwwTox4kJQFljLl370c58ffz3KI4ybpaKEM0ZuMZNRWBRH9tNiRzlqw2d0bAbrCPV8IDKfZP9OHN9HpH_ejNJ9ajmS7/s320/maxresdefault%20(5).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East India Co rule. i.ytimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><div><span>I</span><span>n the first two posts on the distorted colonial history being taught in British schools and undergraduate courses in England, it is emphasized that the young Britons are not aware of the brutality in the British colonies in the past centuries and the true historical facts related to the growth and expansion of the empire. </span><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2S9pH-_dyxkOdp_GWLKToiWFV2aDyXCfAYHE-V-U2UN3ZkjNosFu1V26kEQs24z3bgbt8AD3NKfUxt3JWcp3nqBDRmxTMI2YvBWNAGUY-ofrUWDo_8haEWVa9j1OwrwiFVtbSd75RoNDGrMmcZcazPxWC_eehWiOu-9Mi7_-v0u5hv_DdUmQkCCO8NBz/s1024/british-east-india-company-l.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2S9pH-_dyxkOdp_GWLKToiWFV2aDyXCfAYHE-V-U2UN3ZkjNosFu1V26kEQs24z3bgbt8AD3NKfUxt3JWcp3nqBDRmxTMI2YvBWNAGUY-ofrUWDo_8haEWVa9j1OwrwiFVtbSd75RoNDGrMmcZcazPxWC_eehWiOu-9Mi7_-v0u5hv_DdUmQkCCO8NBz/s320/british-east-india-company-l.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East India Co rule in India i.ytimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span><span>Socialist and labor politician <i> Jeremy </i></span><i><span>Corbyn's</span><span> </span></i><span> proposal about inclusion of Black history as part of British history in the school curriculum </span></span></span><span><span>was criticized and opposed by <i>Tom Loughton, conservative </i></span><i>MP </i>for East Worthing and Shoreham (reelected in 2019) </span><span>who said<i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i></span><span> <i>''Britain should be proud of its many legacies''</i></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45AMLWTXiW426YWb2TU-EpeSUbCMVwwEz1YjwHHcJ_z0oyRPzB5_QdD0EDZarUzoxS5I9wEpVNAMokago-th7bgGmaVYiSTQSQOXZDrVyhH6t5GTSL5p0XLXyUSMeN0f0jjSvmCMofq7vM7z01JdhJYoIR2VjozoYd1iyL61h5aKsVqHro0T_aYAS9YP7/s807/PC-Tim-Loughton%20Twitter.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="807" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45AMLWTXiW426YWb2TU-EpeSUbCMVwwEz1YjwHHcJ_z0oyRPzB5_QdD0EDZarUzoxS5I9wEpVNAMokago-th7bgGmaVYiSTQSQOXZDrVyhH6t5GTSL5p0XLXyUSMeN0f0jjSvmCMofq7vM7z01JdhJYoIR2VjozoYd1iyL61h5aKsVqHro0T_aYAS9YP7/s320/PC-Tim-Loughton%20Twitter.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i><span>Tom Loughton, </span>conservative </span><span style="text-align: left;">MP </span>timloughton.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>What are Britain's legacies according the honorable MP Loughton? He never mentioned about those British legacies t</span><span>hat the country is proud of. </span><span> </span></p><p><span>The British empire was so big the sun had never set on it. So is the long history of cheating, looting, massacres and brutality of the Empire with blessing from the British Royalty. </span><span>The Natural History Museum in London </span><span> is something like a huge den of </span><i><b>Ali Baba and Forty thieves</b></i><span><b> </b>which is a repository of thousands of looted stuff from the British colonies. The other museum being the Victoria and Albert Museum, London</span><span>.</span></p><p><span><b>The following are some of the historical facts that are the indelible marks of British legacy in the colonies that Britain once controlled: </b></span></p><p><span><i><b>Slavery</b></i> - Selling humans from Africa as commodities by the British traders for gain of personal wealth.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwGt-XYe1vtKpVWJEjflECcKdvbCPZiLuU1_vEVRTekNA5Y6buU8QdjL915oCyE0kwLbr0Drdm5M9xK0ryuMpZav1CPMU5HV1FMxDx6SiJHjyJSuydalyHbmaJR4HC5AnrsJI2vR1CiSDGE7GoMIJ6wlP8PDgz_DO8LJAR1tnPamQmc0-T-pznVrAiE4Wc/s1536/201021-Britain-and-Slavery_Artboard-1-1536x864.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1536" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwGt-XYe1vtKpVWJEjflECcKdvbCPZiLuU1_vEVRTekNA5Y6buU8QdjL915oCyE0kwLbr0Drdm5M9xK0ryuMpZav1CPMU5HV1FMxDx6SiJHjyJSuydalyHbmaJR4HC5AnrsJI2vR1CiSDGE7GoMIJ6wlP8PDgz_DO8LJAR1tnPamQmc0-T-pznVrAiE4Wc/s320/201021-Britain-and-Slavery_Artboard-1-1536x864.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">tortoisemedia.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Corruption and nepotism:</i> East India company never failed to follow the divide and rule policy for their profits and they laid the foundation for corrupt practices in the government in India and elsewhere. </span></p><p><span><i><b>Illegal gratification</b></i>: Getting commission, expensive gifts such as gold jewelry, etc., from the warring rulers in order to </span><span> make quick bucks to lead a luxurious life of Nabobs back in England was a way of life for the early British officials. In the later period, the others followed suite. .</span></p><p><i><b>Land grabbing binge</b></i><span><b>:</b> Illegal capture of Indian kingdoms to improve company's or British Crown's revenues was a prime motive, Diabolical as it was the cunning moves by tricky Bobs rendered countless rich rulers - Indian Maharajahs and Nawabs powerless tools in their hands. Through manipulation, gullible Indian rulers were stripped of their crown and of their rich land with some dole and and funny titles 9bestowed by the crown). The beneficiaries were the British government and the Royal family. </span></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcgDVW-TrH57f5NtYy0IuuadBF3_SuCbDT3cl5jlv2t3TfW2uBeMFk4m2jzOkAb7NtbUl6OvRsj887wkavicQO029Eos_7jt_gIIXt1e5ihrndGFY3deaecc2SrKbhp1dnrlFvYTNfC6vkg86g7AgB5HSWS5nremTtnMHQAHy4KieFIZ2zcyO3Q6dpcfM/s648/ck_597f39ff0aa66.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="648" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcgDVW-TrH57f5NtYy0IuuadBF3_SuCbDT3cl5jlv2t3TfW2uBeMFk4m2jzOkAb7NtbUl6OvRsj887wkavicQO029Eos_7jt_gIIXt1e5ihrndGFY3deaecc2SrKbhp1dnrlFvYTNfC6vkg86g7AgB5HSWS5nremTtnMHQAHy4KieFIZ2zcyO3Q6dpcfM/s320/ck_597f39ff0aa66.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Doctrine of Lapse under EIC .slideserve.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85Xk9FOLjTt7f8d85s1W5XMIU4tP5xiIX5FNDWzAr4FNEMRGui2Q38zHnnV0cKRks8YkdziOASobjGAYfGVSlaKnj1E0zhGkdM9rTTL5aeULtYnR6MBBZT3QYkkXohuQoF-EpCJCJ43Amlv3Mldc7EpF6VmztAErrC991p4y0GfDr-x2YxDc1MnYUzGrb/s720/meaning-n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85Xk9FOLjTt7f8d85s1W5XMIU4tP5xiIX5FNDWzAr4FNEMRGui2Q38zHnnV0cKRks8YkdziOASobjGAYfGVSlaKnj1E0zhGkdM9rTTL5aeULtYnR6MBBZT3QYkkXohuQoF-EpCJCJ43Amlv3Mldc7EpF6VmztAErrC991p4y0GfDr-x2YxDc1MnYUzGrb/s320/meaning-n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">subsidiary alliance, India under EIC. .slideserve.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span>Good examples of stratagems conceived by the British are the <i>Doctrine of Lapse</i> introduced by Lord Dalhousie (in force between </span><span>1848 and 1856) </span><span>and the <i>Doctrine of subsidiary alliance</i> (introduced by Lord Wellesley of EIC). see the images. </span></p><p><b><span>The </span><i> Industrial Revolution</i></b><span> in England in the early and later stages was financed by the vast revenue from the colonies, in particular, from the Indian subcontinent</span></p><p><span><span><i><b>Resorting to brute forces, violence by and imprisonment of weavers</b> by EIC:.</i> They burned </span><span>the villages and broke the looms and cut off the weavers' thumb to kill the production of handlooms. Apart, they fixed low prices for the textiles to make them go broke and to vastly improve </span><span>import of finished textiles from England (cotton was sourced from India during the American Civil wars between the Union and Confederate states in the 18th century. </span></span></p><p><span><span><i><b>Forcing Indian farmers to raise opium plants;</b> </i></span></span><span>To improve their gold / silver reserve for international trade, EIC focused on exporting processed opium to </span><span> China. </span><span>In 1770s the British brought many areas in India under <i>opium cultivation</i> in north Indian states and got a large sum by way of tax on one hand and made enormous profits by exporting it to destinations like China.</span><span> </span><span> </span><span>In mid 1830s the EIC was exporting opium worth 15 million dollars annually, a whooping sum in those days. Indian peasants were compelled to raise opium in their lands which were rendered useless in the later years. The farmers were given far less price for the opium. produced by them. Much of the profit went to the company and the Crown in London. </span></p><p><span><b><i>Producing zombies in China</i>:</b> Excess exports through normal process and illegal exports of Opium from the Indian harbors to China had a big impact on the large Chinese population and made them opium-dependent, affecting their physical and mental well-being. This caused a couple of <i>Opium Wars</i> with China.,</span></p><p><span><i><b>India's demand for freedom:</b></i> The Indians had been denied freedom since the early part of the 1900s and freedom protests were subdued with an iron hand by the Crown Administration in the 1900s When the Crown imposed tax on Salt, there was widespread protests across India in 1930s. </span></p><p><span></span></p><p><span><i><b>Participation of India in World wars</b></i>: Indians were forced to take part in the two wars WWI & WW II in the 1900s. India provided the needed manpower, produced large amount of arms and ammunition, military uniforms, tents, boots food and other stuff for the wars . The Crown collected money for the wars through heavy taxes from the Indians and the princely states. In WWI 1.3 million soldiers took part, out of them 74000 died in the battle. In WWII 2.3 million soldiers served, out of them more than 80000 got killed in the battle. </span><span>The British promised to free India after the wars, but nothing was done after them. Reason; </span><i>They needed India's huge revenue. </i><span>Nothing is mentioned in the English </span><span>school history books about India's role in the crucial wars. </span><span>Nothing is mentioned in the English </span><span>school history books about India's role in the crucial wars.</span></p><p><span><i><b>Hindu -Muslim disunity:</b></i> In 1905, the government under the Crown headed by <i>Viceroy Lord Curzon</i> divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. Britain also encouraged the formation of the <i>Muslim League of India</i> in 1907. </span><span>In 1942, Britain sent an envoy to India, led by the British Labor politician </span><i>Stafford Cripps</i><span> (1889–1952), offering future dominion status in return for help recruiting more soldiers. Cripps may have made a secret agreement with the Muslim League, allowing Muslims to opt out of a future Indian state.</span></p><p><span><i>Gilgit-Baltistan riddle;</i> The present POK -</span><span><b> </b>The problem was started by the British military office</span><span>r </span><span><i>William Alexander Brown</i></span><span> based in British controlled India. He instigated the Muslims in the area under the </span><span> Gilgit Agency, part of Kashmir to topple the Hindu ruler <i>Maharajah Hari Singh.</i> He helped newly formed Pakistan to invade Kashmir in 1948 which became part of the Indian Union. A part of India's Kasmir was illegally occupied by Pakistan. This mess was created by the then senior British officials based in India to further destabilize the Indian subcontinent. </span></p><p><span><i><b>India-Pakistan partition 1947 :</b></i> In one sitting in 1947, <i>Cyril Radcliffe</i> drew the border between India and the newly created state of Pakistan. This splitting along the religious line was done without any proper planning and the newly drawn map officially published with countless errors on the western border. The late publication of official India Pakistan (west) map caused chaos and mayhem among already uprooted several million million Hindus, Sikhs and others in Pakistan. This was followed by sectarian violence between two communities resulting in the loss of a few million people. Last gov. Gen. </span><span>Lord Mountbatten oversaw this unfolding tragedy without any remorse and was highly criticized by the media for his poor administration. </span></p><p><span><i>T<b>he British Museum and the loots</b></i>: The popular British Museum in the Bloomsbury area of London, UK is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. it is home to permanent collection of some eight million works and is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence; widely sourced during the era of the British Empire. There are countless several centuries old historical artifacts from India on display here. </span>About looted expensive antique jewels and gemstones from India according to one Sanghera,<i>“Our museums and the royal family are in possession of billions of pounds worth of Indian loot. It was a systematic part of colonial rule. The royal family was given the king’s share of that loot.</i></p><p><span>The British has no history or proud legacy of mixed culture without colonies and slavery. </span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indian-history-and-distorted-narratives/article34193380.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indian-history-and-distorted-narratives/article34193380.ece</a></span></p><p><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/8/30/it-is-time-to-teach-colonial-history-in-british-schools/"><span>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/8/30/it-is-time-to-teach-colonial-history-in-british-schools</span><span>/</span></a></p><p><span><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275">https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275</a></span></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837</a></span></p><div><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-1952">https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-1952</a>75</div><p><br /></p></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-22526613940843315502024-03-20T01:19:00.000-07:002024-03-20T01:21:17.483-07:00British Schools in England teach distorted past colonial history to hide the darker side! -02<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5X0F2Eg4DSR-bFnWKrjE3Kfglyz7unJAWjOXm3Bca6ZPi2XVtJKMlNrsblpzWvXa2otxw7kApSZVpiW0ysUSebVYVuQUvL0s0wyGW1bOGJgOuBVzVEP2HsgD1CKbv5E1qdwToEmM7K7I4hMWwAcQBBFOS6d48HI7xgMJfCuzrieYCGMUE8EFcdaa9mLdy/s528/Abolition-of-Slavery-Act-e1602673676628.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="528" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5X0F2Eg4DSR-bFnWKrjE3Kfglyz7unJAWjOXm3Bca6ZPi2XVtJKMlNrsblpzWvXa2otxw7kApSZVpiW0ysUSebVYVuQUvL0s0wyGW1bOGJgOuBVzVEP2HsgD1CKbv5E1qdwToEmM7K7I4hMWwAcQBBFOS6d48HI7xgMJfCuzrieYCGMUE8EFcdaa9mLdy/s320/Abolition-of-Slavery-Act-e1602673676628.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">.Slavery abolition act 1833 historyhit.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span><span><span>The widespread demonstrations in 2020 across the US and many places in the UK in the wake of killing of a Black American George Floyd in the day by the city cops in busy downtown Minneapolis city (Minnesota, USA) witnessed the toppling of <i><b>Edward Colston’s</b></i> statue in Bristol, England and other statues in the USA. T</span></span></span><span>he candid publication by University College London </span><span>in 2013 of </span><i>The Legacies of British Slave - ownership </i><span>(LBS) </span><span>and racial practices in the colonies </span><span>exposed </span><span>a large chunk</span><span> of British population to their past shameful harrowing</span><span> </span></span>dark histories.</p><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggs0hIXILs4TCl0lbVmvs4YWbnH3cek1uCz1gh-LOETjp5N1KFGrlcv2GdT7_POcBIJ3H0uTzDwke0Fn38C7H3s50UyI7cd5mSraIvoYqgHazbC4ZiNR3vjQoOWJf2ky0L0_h1RO0eRR82rW74CuXMjEIR_cScbPwgZpfY7Xy5FSlpoLeShTs0TT3sum70/s959/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="959" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggs0hIXILs4TCl0lbVmvs4YWbnH3cek1uCz1gh-LOETjp5N1KFGrlcv2GdT7_POcBIJ3H0uTzDwke0Fn38C7H3s50UyI7cd5mSraIvoYqgHazbC4ZiNR3vjQoOWJf2ky0L0_h1RO0eRR82rW74CuXMjEIR_cScbPwgZpfY7Xy5FSlpoLeShTs0TT3sum70/s320/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg.png" width="267" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Royal African Co. Coat of Arms. en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span><span></span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KlhKpD9eg-rc6rIY8gP-UmsHHqzt3fdl7sahmEulHt8UULZw38iCxyAW6UlIupV8xci-UEqZSbgdKiQoTv1Zj6cL3SJRF46YHVxQ4y5NjeBV9B3jcV46wDpzzyx8w3kcdmfMY7sqE1x70ZnfzhN8b38HmgardtP8vf_8FxmcgvcY7oz6c01kjzMR6u70/s900/slave-ship-c1850-granger.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="900" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KlhKpD9eg-rc6rIY8gP-UmsHHqzt3fdl7sahmEulHt8UULZw38iCxyAW6UlIupV8xci-UEqZSbgdKiQoTv1Zj6cL3SJRF46YHVxQ4y5NjeBV9B3jcV46wDpzzyx8w3kcdmfMY7sqE1x70ZnfzhN8b38HmgardtP8vf_8FxmcgvcY7oz6c01kjzMR6u70/s320/slave-ship-c1850-granger.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Slave ship fineartamerica.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC5_1xSU-WdsQ1T678RGYY-i4w3C-fqHI-ho_e1BrbEv3pxunzHmNGpq2s0_AbQOodDKNdR-7GUgJhiJ44ISzRtfbGSFCgV9Nvq7MS9W_pjb4DmJNT5-7GhwOz-EHrfv-4ZFukPXqckgHiIyfSs5YB1alVn5MQGxch6dQMqUNWzyDIbxjVPLhWNWUxql_I/s4032/Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="2268" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC5_1xSU-WdsQ1T678RGYY-i4w3C-fqHI-ho_e1BrbEv3pxunzHmNGpq2s0_AbQOodDKNdR-7GUgJhiJ44ISzRtfbGSFCgV9Nvq7MS9W_pjb4DmJNT5-7GhwOz-EHrfv-4ZFukPXqckgHiIyfSs5YB1alVn5MQGxch6dQMqUNWzyDIbxjVPLhWNWUxql_I/s320/Statue_Of_Edward_Colston.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colston statue, Bristol, England. en.wikipedia.org<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span><span><span>Above image: Edward Colston's statue, Bristol, England. was erected in 1895 to commemorate his </span></span></span><span><span>philanthropy. With the the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692, he was part of a slave trading company that had transported about </span><span> 84,000 enslaved African men, women and young children, of whom 19,000 died on voyages from West Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas. </span></span><span>On 7 June 2020 the statue was defaced, toppled and thrown into Bristol harbor during the George Floyd protests in 2020..<b>.............</b></span></span><p><span><span><span>But a large section of the society tried to ignore them and were not ready to accept the perversion of British officials in India and elsewhere and colonial atrocities inflicted on people of different ethnicity. This forced the unbiased history teacher, labor party leader and socialist </span></span><i><b>Jeremy Corbyn,</b></i><span> a few years ago to recommend <b>teaching of Black history </b>along with colonialism, slavery and British empire, because he strongly felt, </span><b><i>“Black history is British history.”</i></b><span> He suggested that it should be made part of the national curriculum. </span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPZlAQG-Ca7dfz1y1x8lKLeJSh15311eV9ZM3n7C_FoohjedTS6omL2SxRRnN9NenArEC6eL2amtY0S6L8KyZHIvHpWl2A2AQbyM8Sd-po06Vp3eKSi8zSxb3FfEyuEC1RNkCDCZ7sLyV2RsWlLrz9HWGBW8Ob-YZPkrgxUUSHa_NKEi1G69jwNiA0-4X/s1000/d9ebf68813f122a51214d982937ac71e.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPZlAQG-Ca7dfz1y1x8lKLeJSh15311eV9ZM3n7C_FoohjedTS6omL2SxRRnN9NenArEC6eL2amtY0S6L8KyZHIvHpWl2A2AQbyM8Sd-po06Vp3eKSi8zSxb3FfEyuEC1RNkCDCZ7sLyV2RsWlLrz9HWGBW8Ob-YZPkrgxUUSHa_NKEi1G69jwNiA0-4X/s320/d9ebf68813f122a51214d982937ac71e.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Jeremy Bernard Corbyn</span> .pinimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><span><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibmSLuLE9nsiAF4WT6DpNQWT8XtF6i1SjhgdAIr7Pk24D1onf3gWoes1JZWMghxUAFJs0vXV87BC0mrtDx-30vXkd5kyri4-K2uzfkSukQB6PFeR0MD2skY3OI_Q2VhonOfckrDFhopAjT0pS-M4XALk5mbWN0ivay0gWTHvC7OeI7lLHufYf0xkbvDvSu/s440/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2,_2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibmSLuLE9nsiAF4WT6DpNQWT8XtF6i1SjhgdAIr7Pk24D1onf3gWoes1JZWMghxUAFJs0vXV87BC0mrtDx-30vXkd5kyri4-K2uzfkSukQB6PFeR0MD2skY3OI_Q2VhonOfckrDFhopAjT0pS-M4XALk5mbWN0ivay0gWTHvC7OeI7lLHufYf0xkbvDvSu/s320/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2,_2020.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Jeremy Bernard Corbyn. </span>en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table></span></span><p></p><p><span><span>Above images; Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (born 26 May 1949) is a British politician. He who served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labor Party from 2015 to 2020.He describes himself as a socialist. has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. As of October 2020, Corbyn sits in the House of Commons as an independent, following the suspension of the whip<b>. </b>(</span></span><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn</a><b>)</b></span><b>.........</b></p><p><span><span>The colored people's contribution to the growth of empire was substantial including Africa and the Indian subcontinent and was good enough to pay serious attention to it. </span><span> </span><span>The British school curriculum purposely does not cover colonial atrocities, particularly in India, Kenya and S. Africa. Nor does it cover black history and how the British Bobs had built the empire on the pangs of pain, loss of self-esteem, blood bath and death of the African natives. They were treated much worse than cattle herds as one would see in the ranches of Texas and Oklahoma, USA.</span></span></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQM408jVk_elveG9zEhch02cNiIwo35bjlsjL2Mf0P4S956hrqmX9JuMmstm3fOGez9Ly23BO6BeL-ACdLbS5Qb1td3idhn_hiCqkliHsMzLuTPkrkyDcTx3rTVLzY92cRQL-qqsgVhx8chvvFMvGU9PvTmi_-k8RuZFN0qxICVhIFgKii3IzXkluzIRFi/s1444/de3a0932-c98f-44dd-b15f-2ed98d60e9bd.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1444" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQM408jVk_elveG9zEhch02cNiIwo35bjlsjL2Mf0P4S956hrqmX9JuMmstm3fOGez9Ly23BO6BeL-ACdLbS5Qb1td3idhn_hiCqkliHsMzLuTPkrkyDcTx3rTVLzY92cRQL-qqsgVhx8chvvFMvGU9PvTmi_-k8RuZFN0qxICVhIFgKii3IzXkluzIRFi/s320/de3a0932-c98f-44dd-b15f-2ed98d60e9bd.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Slavery in the UK><a href="http://baptist.org.uk">baptist.org.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QpbmxQRu_SYW1lPZyvUkTiSZzDj6VprlEqA8oBo2SOzpU6wS-IQ1dJY64XZrc7wrb3L6Its1rIle3XwaejNynUjxNTDNebkMKFRMVAjsb7Y8tKcLwzVJYkbQd_9F7JVriL-jU_2lUuERN7-Fg4SyKUmUdqw9F1Nemi7_DDNLjFX9VRhSLfI3qv1AkN0B/s402/330px-William_wilberforce.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QpbmxQRu_SYW1lPZyvUkTiSZzDj6VprlEqA8oBo2SOzpU6wS-IQ1dJY64XZrc7wrb3L6Its1rIle3XwaejNynUjxNTDNebkMKFRMVAjsb7Y8tKcLwzVJYkbQd_9F7JVriL-jU_2lUuERN7-Fg4SyKUmUdqw9F1Nemi7_DDNLjFX9VRhSLfI3qv1AkN0B/s320/330px-William_wilberforce.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Slave abolitionist, Wilberforce. en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span>Above image: <i><b>William Wilberforc</b></i>e (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833), a British politician (MP) for Yorkshire (1784–1812), a philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade, played a key role in abolishing slavery in 1833. Being a compassionate Anglican Evangelist (since 1785), he worked hard, to put an end to this evil. <i>James Ramsay, a slave abolitionist, </i> helped in preparing the moral arguments for abolition which appeared in Wilberforce's speeches.</span></span><p></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjNgKotdnQf-OXq9WfTHuKmdlZN2nrGu5jW6F8L1DSPg0HlNfKPGVtgln7BBiG1MJr7tMHN28qXTHdIbY5C6fM8US1K_nSx941KXnjtNOCYFm4xRKQy7a1r5CeI32hR2gfyBdOMb5cStg_xTZNwYrV6yft7OMGanjZplwSz8QlPLo9Rgw8LRJkFP0P6kS9/s1024/slave-abolition-act-1833-l.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjNgKotdnQf-OXq9WfTHuKmdlZN2nrGu5jW6F8L1DSPg0HlNfKPGVtgln7BBiG1MJr7tMHN28qXTHdIbY5C6fM8US1K_nSx941KXnjtNOCYFm4xRKQy7a1r5CeI32hR2gfyBdOMb5cStg_xTZNwYrV6yft7OMGanjZplwSz8QlPLo9Rgw8LRJkFP0P6kS9/s320/slave-abolition-act-1833-l.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abolition of slavery. lideserve.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span>Above image: Initiated in 1783, the triangular sea route took British-made goods to Africa to buy slaves, transported the enslaved to the West Indies, and then brought slave-grown products such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Britain. Slave trade was a money spinner, contributing about 80 % of Great Britain's foreign income. British ships primarily took over the transportation, supplying slaves to the French, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and British colonies. In peak years, they carried forty thousand enslaved men, women and children across the Atlantic in the horrible conditions of the middle passage. Of the estimated 11 million Africans transported into slavery, about 1.4 million died during the voyage.</span></span></p><p><span>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce</a>)</span><b>..................</b></p><p><span><span>T</span><span>he city of Bristol was built on the riches of slavery. When slavery was abolished, hefty compensation was given to the slave trade companies / owners for the loss of slaves, ships, etc., incurred by them (</span></span>47,000 claimants). It was more beneficial to the slave trading companies. because the then British government paid them 20 million pounds in compensation – 40 percent of its budget. That is some 17 billion pounds (estimated at more than $21bn in today’s money). The government took out a loan to pay it, which was only paid off – by British taxpayer money – in 2015. The pay-outs went to 47,000 individuals and families ranging from aristocrats with large sugar plantations to poor widows who kept a few slaves as passive income. John Gladstone got a huge compensation - £106,769,the equivalent of £12 million ($15.59 million) today's value. His son William Gladstone, became four times PM of the UK between 1868 and 1894 and the family still owns a very large estate in WalesThe human rights violators got away with a huge sum, but the victims - physically and mentally damaged humans (slaves) were left high and dry. No compensation to their grief-stricken families, not even a penny!!. </p><p><span><span><b><i>The National Trust’s</i></b> properties in the UK are a popular tourist attraction, with tens of thousands of domestic and international visitors make a beeline to its castles, forts, archaeological and industrial monuments and parks,. In September 2020 the Trust for the first time revealed the truth that </span></span><span>93 properties have link to slavery and colonialism during the British Empire.</span><span> </span><span>And at least 50 such properties in <i>England and Wales </i>are linked to the East India Company and their employees who earned fortunes in India and returned home to build large houses and live in grand style. Such returning wealthy British Bobs whose earnings in India included part of ''commission'' or </span><span>illegal gratification </span><span> were better known as ‘nabobs.’</span><span> In the 18th and 19th centuries, </span><span>t</span><span>hey also wielded political power in Westminster. </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpp5wBypP-9StxyuEntsFR0WoU7S-PtVP-uoJoKZAcJhApiip9sonGqeYB38hg9eoF_vqyB9iAWrD5B7ex2k8y0Cura14Z2He9kpQgZ6-mC-8C_mrbT5ILvCybxp57wpxElC_HVJh_kNyMWTqwPqJoAHukziabdf8Ke8xcnl3-Zqkv-eDzL_yKQaU_k5l/s976/_114557268_gettyimages-629600421.jpg.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpp5wBypP-9StxyuEntsFR0WoU7S-PtVP-uoJoKZAcJhApiip9sonGqeYB38hg9eoF_vqyB9iAWrD5B7ex2k8y0Cura14Z2He9kpQgZ6-mC-8C_mrbT5ILvCybxp57wpxElC_HVJh_kNyMWTqwPqJoAHukziabdf8Ke8xcnl3-Zqkv-eDzL_yKQaU_k5l/s320/_114557268_gettyimages-629600421.jpg.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">NT properties. Landon Park in Surrey </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>Above image: Landon Park in Surrey had links to the slave trade and also links to money made from plantations...<b>.............</b></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY2IaBRyq77Wm65GN9TlFDEa6txApMtxBT6j8abVWY1QVCQ5aLZziWVFkuN_5QgZwsdn_8DTAyKd6Lyh_SzsTBxrpo0Debg27u0VpsEiGEd0LD6EMcJkshjsTisq-uouIrgLHcLcbllpNZsstn4vC5a6Qtq3xJVdHcquN5nbsvyZr0Vbs1AJ7oRMofXSs/s976/_114557266_quarrybnkmillgetty.jpg.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY2IaBRyq77Wm65GN9TlFDEa6txApMtxBT6j8abVWY1QVCQ5aLZziWVFkuN_5QgZwsdn_8DTAyKd6Lyh_SzsTBxrpo0Debg27u0VpsEiGEd0LD6EMcJkshjsTisq-uouIrgLHcLcbllpNZsstn4vC5a6Qtq3xJVdHcquN5nbsvyZr0Vbs1AJ7oRMofXSs/s320/_114557266_quarrybnkmillgetty.jpg.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">NT's </span><span style="text-align: left;">Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire </span>bbc.co.uk</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>Above image: Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire was directly linked to British colonies and slavery though the cotton trade..<b>...............</b></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXCYD1_s9rd6ooaimWGGJmhs0oZBp3Bi2RZxRNe3l_B3GAs0n-HWqdnJfuVu3rlc5PoRxJlDlAIFTkgQMxCNstEW3NMgyi7EyudX4Ojyw5EfeXkWlynss1JTkugGIKBBIQW8Hok8rexUGCdukS-nn0BN4-AQscOR-POFQZ7ZMRzeOWiG4iDxtXEQ5H4VDv/s767/the-south-front-of-nunnington-hall-north-yorkshire-190074.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="767" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXCYD1_s9rd6ooaimWGGJmhs0oZBp3Bi2RZxRNe3l_B3GAs0n-HWqdnJfuVu3rlc5PoRxJlDlAIFTkgQMxCNstEW3NMgyi7EyudX4Ojyw5EfeXkWlynss1JTkugGIKBBIQW8Hok8rexUGCdukS-nn0BN4-AQscOR-POFQZ7ZMRzeOWiG4iDxtXEQ5H4VDv/s320/the-south-front-of-nunnington-hall-north-yorkshire-190074.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">NT's Arcy Fife’s </span>Nunnington Hall in Yorkshire. nt.global.ssl.fastly.net</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBDq3K2pH4eUvCF4-JMSydEU8B4W_VDOHBXwPKcZtOTv_EGcnHPbmWMy7wXz-GgnEWZDfUM0an1dFSQeBHnKF34WmvRg0Q61l55HlNe8xYSqX78VxG3bq5eFXGT9e8gVqsgoJucEvubPemNLrcJb7idWCtiTrujbVgyUDzbrNxiKsXtpd7h4EwYIfhzmG/s3845/Powis_Castle_2016_116_(cropped).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2383" data-original-width="3845" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBDq3K2pH4eUvCF4-JMSydEU8B4W_VDOHBXwPKcZtOTv_EGcnHPbmWMy7wXz-GgnEWZDfUM0an1dFSQeBHnKF34WmvRg0Q61l55HlNe8xYSqX78VxG3bq5eFXGT9e8gVqsgoJucEvubPemNLrcJb7idWCtiTrujbVgyUDzbrNxiKsXtpd7h4EwYIfhzmG/s320/Powis_Castle_2016_116_(cropped).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clive's Powis Castle, Wales.upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p><span>Above images: NT properties liked to wealth earned in colonial India. </span><span>The 115-page 'Interim Report on the Connections between Colonialism and Properties is now in the Care of the National Trust<b>......</b></span><span><b>...</b></span></p><div><span>The research is part of historical reviews initiated by several government departments and organizations in the wake of the Black Lives Matter campaign in 2020. </span><span> </span><span>The India-linked properties (under the National Trust) include <i>Robert Clive's</i> two mansions -in Claremont, Sussex, and the Powis Castle in Wales, which has a vast collection of Indian items; former governor of Madras <i>Ronald d’Arcy Fife’s</i> Nunnington Hall in Yorkshire; the home of <i>Francis Syke </i>Basildon Park, Berkshire; The first governor of Bengal presidency <i>Robert Clive </i>was the richest Nabob so were the others like <i>Francis Syke.</i></span></div><p><span><span>I</span><span>mperial colonial looters and articulated banditos - commonly called <i><b>Nabobs</b></i> left behind vast wealth and many of the so called <i>British aristocrats </i> are their descendants (now forming the elite group). Do the British children know that t</span><span>he forefathers of many of these aristocrats made their fortunes in India or elsewhere and had links with </span></span><span>slavery -</span><span> </span><span> run by specified registered companies with support from the government. </span></p><p><span>Dr Tarnya Cooper, the National Trust's curatorial and collections director said: <i>"Colonialism and slavery were central to the national economy from the 17th to the 19th centuries''. </i>As such as suggested by British Socialist </span><span>Black history is British history<i style="font-weight: bold;">. </i>So is the colonial history of the subcontinent from the vast revenue which British imperialism was built and consolidated in the later centuries. </span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275">https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275</a></span></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><p><span><a href="goog_753771205">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837</a></span></p><p><span><a href="goog_753771205"><span></span></a></span></p><div><p><span><a href="goog_753771205"><i>https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/uk-country-houses-properties-linked-to-colonial-india-under-new-scrutiny/story-2tvOAb06FXp9U0cxoqII5N.ht</i>ml</a></span></p><p><span><a href="https://ehsthelongrun.net/2018/08/23/wages-of-sin-slavery-and-the-banks-1830-50/">https://ehsthelongrun.net/2018/08/23/wages-of-sin-slavery-and-the-banks-1830-50/</a></span></p></div><p><span><a href="https://www.tortoisemedia.com/thinkin/britain-and-slavery-who-profited-and-what-should-they-do-now/">https://www.tortoisemedia.com/thinkin/britain-and-slavery-who-profited-and-what-should-they-do-now</a></span></p><p><span><span><a href="https://historyguild.org/slavery-reparations-who-got-pa">https://historyguild.org/slavery-reparations-who-got-pa</a>id/</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p><br /></p></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-67941074764206591302024-03-19T02:07:00.000-07:002024-03-19T19:19:17.006-07:00British Schools in England teach distorted past colonial history to hide the darker side! -01<p><span><span> </span><span>Across the former British colonies people including a section of Englishmen are pained over Britain's gruesome colonial past history. According to a 2016 study (YouGov poll) 43 percent of Britons believe the empire was a good thing, and 44 percent consider Britain’s colonial past a source of pride. A 2020 study showed that Britons are, unlike people in France, Germany, Japan, and other former colonial powers, would like their country to have an empire. The surveys point out how the psyche of the misguided English mind is deeply embedded with t</span>he concocted, whitewashed narrative of British colonial history.</span></p><div><span>When the revelation came to light several years ago that the British schools and undergraduate degree courses were purposely presenting a distorted and different version of Indian colonial history to highlight their stellar roles in various fields like judiciary, government administration, railways, agriculture, etc., and their purported introduction of democratic process and its impact on the Indian subcontinent, the world was in for a big surprise. The British curriculum has no room for brutality of British colonialism, slave trade, massacres in India and elsewhere. But the children get a decent dosage on the evils of </span> Nazi Germany or the American Civil War, the reign of Henry VIII and other details. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DGsiZSTpANuRv6nhBNH9ipNQi-zcteGPl4l2PF6LZ8Uw0XH-f71XRck1F9dScBLJ0fe0PQauqh4N9Q7QTwwCVe3rpCdKQ7FkhICVaeNZllVJIV1UG5DlagYk976cD5BQNAraU-RB1oiiejEHKiBif3ma6gbfg-MkHaPo91UEhfkBYbLobXUKZv6f-oP-/s1200/Screenshot-2023-03-03-at-8.42.32-am.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="1200" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9DGsiZSTpANuRv6nhBNH9ipNQi-zcteGPl4l2PF6LZ8Uw0XH-f71XRck1F9dScBLJ0fe0PQauqh4N9Q7QTwwCVe3rpCdKQ7FkhICVaeNZllVJIV1UG5DlagYk976cD5BQNAraU-RB1oiiejEHKiBif3ma6gbfg-MkHaPo91UEhfkBYbLobXUKZv6f-oP-/s320/Screenshot-2023-03-03-at-8.42.32-am.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Queen Victoria and British colonies. and the psephizo.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div>No chapter on the illegal take over of Bengal and other regions by the East India company. After winning the <i><b>battles of Plassey</b></i> (1757) and <b><i>Buxa</i></b>r (1764), the British got the control of the Bengal Presidency (then - Bengal and Bihar). 1765 <i><b>Treaty of Allahabad'</b></i> in 1765 - The British were officially granted rights to collect revenue in the Bengal Presidency headed by <i><b>Robert Clive</b></i>. It marked the declining Mogul power in India. <i><b>Clive</b></i> made his fortunes in Bengal became t<i>he richest Nabob</i>...... </div><div><br /></div><div>No mention of the greatest British conservative politician Churchill and his idea of chemical warfare against the innocent Iraqi civilians . Reason: They demanded independence from Britain. Churchill was the hardcore racist who was two times Prime Minister of the UK.<p><span>No mention of large scale massacres in areas like Lucknow (UP) during the 1857 great Indian rebellion against the EIC and how many rebels were strapped before the cannons and blown to pieces. The syllabus never included Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 master minded by brig. gen. Reginald dyer. and the 1943 great Bengal famine orchestrated by Churchill. The war criminals were not punished and their services were praised by the British royalty. </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDna5NPINR_TArau6tUAdYXemuGPiEbsj4TqGApZ0AjekyajQ3GCrRp12Yi9IpTfdCnQDwubflr8AlM9vvVsUaE4iv_MY3wWMvvx2UQkJo6z_XAnX5v06sbYM5DsJo_0P-T4FFAZF-2LZlJP94TjrJ4_LcyuTCq9x09JDDSaVmzEbmS-gzwMYGiDJkdbPU" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="320" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDna5NPINR_TArau6tUAdYXemuGPiEbsj4TqGApZ0AjekyajQ3GCrRp12Yi9IpTfdCnQDwubflr8AlM9vvVsUaE4iv_MY3wWMvvx2UQkJo6z_XAnX5v06sbYM5DsJo_0P-T4FFAZF-2LZlJP94TjrJ4_LcyuTCq9x09JDDSaVmzEbmS-gzwMYGiDJkdbPU" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">s3.amazonaws.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div><div>The young Britons must to be taught how Britain became rich primarily because of the colonial past - as a result of inflow of vast revenue from countries like India, Africa, etc. The Descendants of the rich Nabobs like Clive of past era live in big mansions that were built on colonial loot and commissions on the sidelines. </div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOqH3eL5VIk0-jPMA5E1fepEglNJMqHal57Wec_tj9HBoVsipKVw3nWpsmr8KXBa3o3EjEUtkwHIQ7rBtN-lpkjGPz8pq5vEio2FyEwfwA-PEZG5cDkZtHMccU4r_8BK12WXlQB1e0Lka/s320/unnamed.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Lack of unity in India. Jeffery Keaton.bookikes.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETsGxhmfApxmDCXojD96VOWkxiCNHWWCbPrprw1B6xuEgp4Il_llVrSiMASWVEWV-yLvS-oQt8tINsJd58MELVNwilAclhlHfyxT2VYFj7gqypRAkn53ScyfIfdyPqyJE0Eq8nHXjta_-/s320/0300c904b3549b5edc8c79dbd7f7756a.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Spread of imperialism. ainly.com/question/20565325</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETsGxhmfApxmDCXojD96VOWkxiCNHWWCbPrprw1B6xuEgp4Il_llVrSiMASWVEWV-yLvS-oQt8tINsJd58MELVNwilAclhlHfyxT2VYFj7gqypRAkn53ScyfIfdyPqyJE0Eq8nHXjta_-/s620/0300c904b3549b5edc8c79dbd7f7756a.png"><span></span></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Above image: The funny cartoon implies the inclusion of new colonies that were captured and established as sources of gold and silver to strengthen British / European economics, foodstuff to enrich their culinary production, and raw materials for the industry developed during the second industrial revolution..<b>.................</b></div><div><p><span><span><span>Deeply buried in the </span><span>abysmal depth of colonial history are persistent belief of the aristocratic British Bobs</span></span><span>' racial superiority bordering on arrogant attitude and vast human rights' violations in the colonies and wholesale lootings. Some of the results of the surveys of the British school and college system reveal the poor understanding of the colonial empire and how the the facts are far removed from</span></span></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj4Wsi6V7XQTfaSttyp1_NPRTf7nklzlL4masRVUCLXEffzTOx3TWP05_WW7vM-GP5CBZUp7j5TINig1Q-IS-qz8nfeOtpOxXpL_Bs27V6vuoCso7U12zIDsKh6xCG3_SaFo3xeJVVEeb41wTajINdwhdFtct1vka-KAkqOa5o6gehvQxqLdSvuuxEoLcg/s1280/maxresdefault%20(4).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj4Wsi6V7XQTfaSttyp1_NPRTf7nklzlL4masRVUCLXEffzTOx3TWP05_WW7vM-GP5CBZUp7j5TINig1Q-IS-qz8nfeOtpOxXpL_Bs27V6vuoCso7U12zIDsKh6xCG3_SaFo3xeJVVEeb41wTajINdwhdFtct1vka-KAkqOa5o6gehvQxqLdSvuuxEoLcg/w400-h225/maxresdefault%20(4).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">i.ytimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfAyDqjUgx3hmXC_7qged7dG3XsGa6mYr0SpDZwysMMfXzJUZdUqYYhoFPBfVQYb7AYxv42ZbGKBfbCZgif8ItLHTMAnUyiu8FNU_foPJLAEbHTGIKzU2YORuZA_5SjHarJ4y-oXT75KpLbaCZXOJoL33e8fcD6zpxfqix-ULjPpvCfes8Ymn5_vKbafoT/s3000/zamindari-system-of-land-settlement---teachoo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="1688" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfAyDqjUgx3hmXC_7qged7dG3XsGa6mYr0SpDZwysMMfXzJUZdUqYYhoFPBfVQYb7AYxv42ZbGKBfbCZgif8ItLHTMAnUyiu8FNU_foPJLAEbHTGIKzU2YORuZA_5SjHarJ4y-oXT75KpLbaCZXOJoL33e8fcD6zpxfqix-ULjPpvCfes8Ymn5_vKbafoT/w225-h400/zamindari-system-of-land-settlement---teachoo.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">English Co and exploitation of Indian farmers. teachoo.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span>Above images: The East India company cheated the Indian farmers and made them suffer with the introduction of Zamindari system. Do the English school books mention about how the East India company had exploited the natives?</span></span></p><p><span><span>the reality of dark and dirty colonial past history that premised on exploitation of natural resources, racism and dishonest land grabbing spree </span><span>from legitimate rich rulers of the land, besides ill-treatment of poor farmers in the states where opium, Indio and cotton cultivations were in progress under duress to fill up the British treasury..</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKfHbFNeG-xB9ptXuH2-8-ITOqLB0Xcgpa2jsWLUzJC7M-1I0OF18K_hOj9zqE57lSjTQRJj-eoliRUCeK7KDnM0crBe96eI7utaC3mJSjc-KZrX3uvhjk_ylR91zbCwWl5IgHQN-yN0_jUQLsSd_Pe-yyyJo2PSarLuRSmVL1tlEP8d6aVNDReAV_Pdae/s504/eastindia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="504" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKfHbFNeG-xB9ptXuH2-8-ITOqLB0Xcgpa2jsWLUzJC7M-1I0OF18K_hOj9zqE57lSjTQRJj-eoliRUCeK7KDnM0crBe96eI7utaC3mJSjc-KZrX3uvhjk_ylR91zbCwWl5IgHQN-yN0_jUQLsSd_Pe-yyyJo2PSarLuRSmVL1tlEP8d6aVNDReAV_Pdae/s320/eastindia.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Trading Company East India Co. victorianweb.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>The adage that '<i>'Truth'' can not lie buried for a long time</i>'' is true, and in the case of British India history their appalling and sickening history is coming out nice and clear day by day. There are countless news paper articles and books written on the role of the British government and conservative politicians backed by the status conscious British royalty and how, on purpose, had fed wrong information on the colonial legacy in their educational institutions to falsely present their noble contribution. The biased British historians say their primary contribution in India was democracy and its goodies. Their projection of bright optimistic colonial past is more a myth than a reality. </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXhk9ZqpYCm6u_9w_Qv3u3pE5FQD2Yk38onvRw5ZC7yibbO2QdCavNz-CFGaRtFHdyBjtDLA_s2OxGNDPRR8JtiDcQFekXYGOZrs5qXZjrUD-B4yJf9J85gitxMtRGkFIjIsfzHftsUhpH-Ou_HDl-SUTGZ9rKS3pEcXyOxzZ_SIZX73p8SVRJXOi-ULV/s500/death-british_history-british_empire-the_jewel_in_the_crown-british_india-world_war_two-jmcn269_low.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="500" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXhk9ZqpYCm6u_9w_Qv3u3pE5FQD2Yk38onvRw5ZC7yibbO2QdCavNz-CFGaRtFHdyBjtDLA_s2OxGNDPRR8JtiDcQFekXYGOZrs5qXZjrUD-B4yJf9J85gitxMtRGkFIjIsfzHftsUhpH-Ou_HDl-SUTGZ9rKS3pEcXyOxzZ_SIZX73p8SVRJXOi-ULV/s320/death-british_history-british_empire-the_jewel_in_the_crown-british_india-world_war_two-jmcn269_low.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>s3.amazonaws.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span><span>There was no British colony that was free from oppressive rule - exploitation of natural resources and merciless massacres of natives that were carried out with impunity by the British and the royalty to squeeze the nations at both ends to fill the coffers of the royal treasury and to protect the British interest. After having committed all the wrongs, rendering the nation poor and the natives emaciated </span><span>before their departure for good under compelling political circumstances, the British had rewritten the colonial history in the schools text books, etc. putting the bad impact on the colonies to the rear. Now they are giving a sermon on the virtues of democracy and how well they adopted it in the colonies and brought sanity there as if Indians were barbarians, devoid of knowledge, skills and wisdom . Britain controlled one fifth of the world population to benefit them and they did far less good and more bad things in their colonies. </span></span></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqS9RZgHiVKD6CHP0RJVnL3-0z8z597ZhlFuXDyP5qN4OpVXpTAamFMONXFX-VOTa0l-n3HbDzxrutNl1Hx7ikmWgJUvpXuXKeGA5KjZG1zHIq_mFFJDNAH29HVbHt3Ow4kvxVa-f_G52Ees5Crwv-sbbwK9kqDRwd5KZj3ZgkYXiopUyAewuyd72aBoeR/s894/India_political_1907.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="894" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqS9RZgHiVKD6CHP0RJVnL3-0z8z597ZhlFuXDyP5qN4OpVXpTAamFMONXFX-VOTa0l-n3HbDzxrutNl1Hx7ikmWgJUvpXuXKeGA5KjZG1zHIq_mFFJDNAH29HVbHt3Ow4kvxVa-f_G52Ees5Crwv-sbbwK9kqDRwd5KZj3ZgkYXiopUyAewuyd72aBoeR/s320/India_political_1907.jpeg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of colonial India, assets.sutori.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div><span>Defenders of British rule in India often cite the construction of the railroad net works, or the spread of the English language, western education, irrigation canals, etc. This was done only for their benefits to run the administration effectively so that vast flow of Indian revenue into England would continue without any break. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><span>Since independence, with the introduction of many reforms in many fields over the years, India achieved the growth rate of 6 percent to 8 percent, never ever practical under British rule. Now, it is one of the 5 leading economies in the world despite her inherent problems, like population, countless ethnic groups and hilly tribes, </span><span>border problems with belligerent China and bouts of religious terrorism instigated by the neighboring theocratic Pakistan run by mad and corrupt military officers. As for the frequently cited advantages of English education, introduced by the colonists, only 10% of the population speak it. British rulers invested only small amounts in public goods and education and the contribution is just barely minimum. </span></span></div><p><span><span>Like wise centuries ago Slavery was the money-spinning trade </span><span>across the Atlantic </span><span>and the buyers were mostly cotton a</span><span>nd sugar plantation owners in the Americas. Many British slave Trade owner like Edward Colston of Bristol were rich and their descendants are now living in big mansions. </span></span>On the sideline some EIC higherups in India like Gov. Elihu Yale, Gov. of Madras made money illegally to live a comfortable life after retirement. </p><p><span><span>India's University Grants Commission (UGC) document on <i>Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework</i> (LOCF), 2021 for undergraduate education in history was keen to recreate the history with the aim to understand its glorious past and put it in its rightful place in the new global order because “<i>History, as we all know, is a vital source to obtain knowledge about a nation’s soul”.</i></span></span></p><p><span><a href="goog_116667449">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indian-history-and-distorted-narratives/article34193380.ece</a></span></p><p><span><a href="goog_116667449"><span></span></a></span></p><p><span><a href="goog_116667449">https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/8/30/it-is-time-to-teach-colonial-history-in-british-schools</a></span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-19527">https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-19527</a>5</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-15444021584611369712024-03-16T23:25:00.000-07:002024-03-16T23:25:54.120-07:00Queen Vitoria's statue of Mumbai sculpted by Mathew Nobel - a gift from the ruler of Baroda (1846)!!<p><span>Bombay (Mumbai), once an important city on the west coast of India in the colonial period had two famous and well sculpted statues of <b><i>Queen Victoria,</i></b> a standing marble statue of Queen Victoria (Sculptor?) at the VT terminus now called '<i>'</i></span><span><i>Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus'',</i> a UNESCO World Heritage Site, </span><span>and the other one in sitting posture o</span><span>riginally with tall canopy - height 42 in all </span><span>made by <b>Mathew Nobel</b> erected at Fort, Mumbai. The one at the famous Railway Terminus where it had been there for decades is said to have disappeared without any trace. It was neither in the </span><span> Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum where it was supposedly kept nor in the </span><span>dossiers of the Indian Railways. As to its whereabouts, the railway officials were unable to trace the iconic statue that adorned the railway terminus complex once. The only hunch was its disappearance could have been the handiwork of some </span><span>miscreants prior to 1960s.</span><span> </span></p><p><span>After the transition period of change of administration of the subcontinent under the Crown in the wake of the great rebellion of 1857 that saw the ceremonial exit of the corrupt English trading company from India, many statues of Queen Victoria </span><span>Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India (1837–190), </span><span>came up across India to honor her. </span></p><p><span>Likewise again a large number of her statues were erected in many places in memory of her after her demise in 1901. Most of them were sculpted by the celebrated British sculptor <b><i>T</i></b></span><span><b><i>homas Brock, </i></b></span><span><b><i> </i></b>They came up particularly in many princely states, notwithstanding the fact that Queen Victoria never visited the subcontinent. I</span><span>n all Brock made 14 Victoria statues during his career and all these statues, had the Garter robes decorated with roses and tassels and carries a scepter and an orb.</span></p><p><span>After independence in 1947, many of the colonial statues of British Raj officials, including Queen Victoria, in Mumbai are either in the poor state of neglect or totally ignored without any basic upkeep. Part of the reason was both the EIC and the British administration exploited the Indian natural resources, people and the farmers as much as they could and left the land divided into two nations wth almost empty treasury. Frustration and abomination for their misrule and racial disparity began to show on the countless statues of British officials.</span></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjS2t8hvZvPE2F06HjNTuM9Mtszlowb6TPudh8o9gkQjFHrVfE8ncllgCb1ZeNco551ICQ-JeR5bm_nvwT0CTjGta2LqcTvJF4BtwKWxMAAUYZkkZOJq3y_KtDfUVfgcB54zxaWNbHJueKG9dipnR1X-z5AjVhf9fIHqR4Gz400oE7hfgUPTSXdVB2bHaqw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="256" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjS2t8hvZvPE2F06HjNTuM9Mtszlowb6TPudh8o9gkQjFHrVfE8ncllgCb1ZeNco551ICQ-JeR5bm_nvwT0CTjGta2LqcTvJF4BtwKWxMAAUYZkkZOJq3y_KtDfUVfgcB54zxaWNbHJueKG9dipnR1X-z5AjVhf9fIHqR4Gz400oE7hfgUPTSXdVB2bHaqw" width="192" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Queen Victoria Mumbai, India <span style="text-align: left;"> victorianweb.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpAFo2N1QetYATvAbCnT0hOY6spzvPmNUSgt6liRHyetQbizn1HeARRsQ0VZn7VetBatY1j2_Zp3Vx058pqcdK4LlSozkfgXDawGqPq4AtpvV-umiSuTrEFyTV4o24WI7g_pHxGs31S_edSr40m72SOMnrmqMdTc4K7gFQkgPr8tOZ_A4zRs1zM18B1oln/s1000/25.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="755" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpAFo2N1QetYATvAbCnT0hOY6spzvPmNUSgt6liRHyetQbizn1HeARRsQ0VZn7VetBatY1j2_Zp3Vx058pqcdK4LlSozkfgXDawGqPq4AtpvV-umiSuTrEFyTV4o24WI7g_pHxGs31S_edSr40m72SOMnrmqMdTc4K7gFQkgPr8tOZ_A4zRs1zM18B1oln/s320/25.jpg" width="242" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Queen Victoria Mumbai, India </span>victorianweb.org<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span>As to the other statue of Queen Victoria once at the Fort maidan , Mumbai, </span><span>it was actually gifted to the British Empire by Maharajah Khanderao Gaikwad Shamsher Bahadur of Baroda princely state in 1846. </span><span>The Sicilian marble statue of Queen Victoria in sitting posture sculpted by famous British sculptor Mathew Noble was unveiled in 1872. In the 1960s it was shifted to the </span><span>Mumbai Museum east lawn to avoid vandalism. Some of the colonial statues were vandalized </span><span>during the <i>Samyukta Maharashtra movement </i>in the mid-60s. </span><span>The museum, was ironically named after King Albert and Queen Victoria, the oldest museum in the city dating back to 1850s.</span><div><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ywPFRUDadivrsui8jLz7WfSied_rI9rzZtSGY_-tFuxwj0KyQ5ujbSx2YqbohK9Ge7SG0NFUWRFQACCPg7dsPsUhyFRiOnZT8RwDwnad8UcWdKhyphenhyphenIYGpTM6fcvdAVh4D8CBB3s3YZNtvGKkCFp5f2ZqPtrCfKXS4MiOmrLry9oT6oMnXS7yEsfJCbPup/s1200/784152-lord-sandhurst-lord-marquis-of-wellesley-queen-victoria.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ywPFRUDadivrsui8jLz7WfSied_rI9rzZtSGY_-tFuxwj0KyQ5ujbSx2YqbohK9Ge7SG0NFUWRFQACCPg7dsPsUhyFRiOnZT8RwDwnad8UcWdKhyphenhyphenIYGpTM6fcvdAVh4D8CBB3s3YZNtvGKkCFp5f2ZqPtrCfKXS4MiOmrLry9oT6oMnXS7yEsfJCbPup/s320/784152-lord-sandhurst-lord-marquis-of-wellesley-queen-victoria.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">colonial statues including Queen Victoria dnaindia.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>Above image Marble state of Queen Victoria in sitting posture along with other colonial officials in the museum, Mumbai. Left to right: </span>Lord Sandhurst left: Was a British military commander who served as commander-in-chief of India from 1865 to 1870. Sandhurst Road station is named after him; Lord Marquis of Wellesley: Was the Governor General of India in 1797.<b>......</b></p><p><span>This sitting statue of Queen Victoria is eight feet high but originally had a towering neo-Gothic canopy, as seen on the right, taking the height of the structure to 42 feet in all. It was one of the earliest of the many colonial statues that appeared across India. When colonial statues became targets of vandalism, this Victoria and other statues were not placed inside the museum. Some acts of vandalism can be noticed in some of them. (photo credit: image </span><span> on the left by Ramachandran Venkatesh;</span> permission of the British Library Online Gallery.</p><p><span>The colonial statues including Queen Victoria's in </span><span>the Bhau Daji Lad Museum </span><span>are still lying uncared for with no shelters over them. They are exposed to vagaries of climatic changes and are thickly covered with bird droppings. The museum officials say they are trying hard to maintain them, but they get dirty soon. Though their problem is understandable, colonial </span><span>historians are not happy about the excuse and are appalled at the condition of the statues.</span><span> To begin with the statues need proper shelter above them that will reduce part of the problems of maintenance. Damaging or destroying the old statues or historical artifacts is akin to wiping out the history of the place. In safe places like the Museums, such colonial vestiges should be kept with proper care to enable the next generation to know the history.</span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-statues-celebrating-mumbai-s-rich-history-lying-in-decay-271359">https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-statues-celebrating-mumbai-s-rich-history-lying-in-decay-271359</a></span></p><p><span><a href="”https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/csts-victoria-missing-without-a-trace">”https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/csts-victoria-missing-without-a-tr</a></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span></p><p><br /></p></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-33853442316232608112024-03-16T02:29:00.000-07:002024-03-16T02:50:24.430-07:00Brig. Gen. ''James Neil's statue'', Ayr - one among 12 Scottish statues under scrutiny for removal!! <p>Way back in June 2020 ''<b><i>The Topple the Racists website''</i></b> listed 12 Scottish monuments linked to slavery and colonial violence on the interactive resource, categorically stated how certain towns showed continued adoration of colonial icons and symbols.” The crux of the problem is in the school and college history books, the British Empire history and its growth is distorted and the real facts are swept under the carpet, The present generations of the English society may not be aware of the atrocities committed by the EIC officials and later under the direct Crown administration. Among the 12 listed Scottish statues by the afore-said website one is that of Brig. Gen. James George Smith Neill in Ayr, Scotland. </p><p>During Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, protestors toppled off the statue of Edward Colston and and threw it into the Bristol city’s harbor. The group mentioned: <i>''i</i><i>t is up to local communities to decide which monuments they want in their areas'' - </i>meaning after knowing the full story of the commemorated colonial leaders</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJs1xvhZaZGoKO9Fk6mpOwbS7VAff4Mo9MlV_XGhB2rEn-kbpKxFW_0cjMCcuO-ccf41r-WylD6kaYIn7KN3WbK4DROkFmyyNZTBYeuomrEdTubxm73WF9LSyYgvKvgckyY8qfahkrISSG7BM4b3IiPmL9Ix2rl6ZiaEJH6t9vNrDOHM8Yd16BWyHLAd1Y/s1600/XRAzFIEUpLTVZhH-1600x900-noPad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJs1xvhZaZGoKO9Fk6mpOwbS7VAff4Mo9MlV_XGhB2rEn-kbpKxFW_0cjMCcuO-ccf41r-WylD6kaYIn7KN3WbK4DROkFmyyNZTBYeuomrEdTubxm73WF9LSyYgvKvgckyY8qfahkrISSG7BM4b3IiPmL9Ix2rl6ZiaEJH6t9vNrDOHM8Yd16BWyHLAd1Y/s320/XRAzFIEUpLTVZhH-1600x900-noPad.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">James George Smith Neill, Ayr, Scotland </span>assets.change.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGU_cCEPrwuKcOSp9mSUgTPecpQCJ55htp-vrJ_YvSXeZTVPo432n9UDbqHxRHhp2OKMWVFDzGTOM7Cpqq1Ji6ihX3hXA23M51kfvxUPpHHr1mDcESDnECMAxiBLChX8-Nk7nh2UQvUfQ2F97vJy4hw_hXiH4C8fSlrwXnYsKrg4ysNaYHnpnpqPKFBvcP/s1300/statue-of-james-george-smith-niell-cb-wellington-squareayrsouth-ayrshirescotlanduk-W8T1PA%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1300" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGU_cCEPrwuKcOSp9mSUgTPecpQCJ55htp-vrJ_YvSXeZTVPo432n9UDbqHxRHhp2OKMWVFDzGTOM7Cpqq1Ji6ihX3hXA23M51kfvxUPpHHr1mDcESDnECMAxiBLChX8-Nk7nh2UQvUfQ2F97vJy4hw_hXiH4C8fSlrwXnYsKrg4ysNaYHnpnpqPKFBvcP/s320/statue-of-james-george-smith-niell-cb-wellington-squareayrsouth-ayrshirescotlanduk-W8T1PA%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">James George Smith Neill, Ayr, Scotland <span style="text-align: left;">, alamy.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>In Wellington Square, Ayr the presence of statue of James George Smith Neill, a Scottish military officer of the East India Company in the 1800s became a subject of debate. Particularly, the recent revelations about his vicious role </span>during the Indian rebellion of 1857. got the attention of a large section of people in Ayr, Scotland<p></p><p>But the Town council’s opposition leader, Conservative councilor <i>Martin Dowey,</i> said: <i>“The Conservative group do not support this review. Racism in all its forms is abhorrent, but we should teach the history of statues, not tear them down''</i>. However, MP<i> Allan Dorans</i> was of the opinion that the statue of General Neill should be removed or modified. He said, <i>“Racism has no place in our country and should not be celebrated either currently or where it has taken place in the past''.....''</i><i>Given the recent revelations of the alleged actions of General Neill, my view is that the statue should either be removed or complemented by a plaque detailing General Neill’s actions including historical context.” </i></p><p>A section of people's stance and 1000 signatures connected in this connection became a ground to file a petition to bring down General James George Smith Neill who slaughtered thousands of native Indians in the areas around Lucknow and Allahabad (present day Uttar Pradesh). This was done in revenge for the murder of British women and children at the Bibighar area of UP.</p><div>Kiran Trivedy, 25, of Ayr, who was behind the removal campaign, said,<i> ''the statue should be placed in a museum instead of taking pride of place in the town...... </i><i> </i><i>“Knowing this man’s statue stands tall in our town is an especially painful thought for those of us with South Asian heritage'</i>'. This is what the people of Madras (Cennai) did in 1960 after a long protest. Even Mahatma Gandhi on a visit to Madras wanted the statue removed from the public place. The 10 ft tall bronze statue procured by the then Prince of Wales (erected in 1860) was finally shifted to the Madras Museum, Egmore in 1960.(see: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Statue_Satyagraha">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Statue_Satyagraha</a>)</div><p>In the wake of this campaign for the removal of the Brigadier-General James Neill statue in Wellington Square, Ayr, other Scottish statues (and street names) in Ayrshire were reported to be under consideration for removal. Another section of people of Ayr wanted the statue to be retained because it was paid for by the people of Ayr through public subscription in1859. Further, the statue was done by famous colonial British sculptor Matthew Noble.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwhtoMYcfLNlOfSj3AS60m3OZ3-a966ZpWRnidr-J23RoNmsXurSIRf_LKPszlhePxjbgLTPRGx5PoBj13qhipS4e9PEagZz14waOY21bldOLha6vVzVsAMASiWcq1L4xu5_h72-XFldKFsQXoXP_hBbWxa0EIFyrfVyFUFLSl4z-qgONXr1olOFGfwh3/s400/Matthew_Noble.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="310" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwhtoMYcfLNlOfSj3AS60m3OZ3-a966ZpWRnidr-J23RoNmsXurSIRf_LKPszlhePxjbgLTPRGx5PoBj13qhipS4e9PEagZz14waOY21bldOLha6vVzVsAMASiWcq1L4xu5_h72-XFldKFsQXoXP_hBbWxa0EIFyrfVyFUFLSl4z-qgONXr1olOFGfwh3/s320/Matthew_Noble.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">British sculptor Matthew Noble.</span>en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Above image: "The Late Mr Noble, Sculptor - portrait of the British sculptor. Matthew Noble (1817– 1876) from the The Illustrated London News, July 1876 Brussels Exhibition. Illustration for The Illustrated London News, 8 July 1876...............<br /><p></p><p>Mathew Noble, a popular Victorian-era sculptor was known for countless monumental colonial figures or administrators. His wonderful work is still on display in many places in England such as Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral, Parliament Square, London, Queen Victoria's statue, unveiled in 1872, in Mumbai ,India (gift from Maharajah Gaekwad of Baroda princely state (now in Gujarat), Bombay Presidency Governor Mountstuart Elphinstone's memorial in St Pauls Cathedral, James George Neil, Wellington square, Ayr, Scotland etc. This statue of Neil is an important part of Ayr’s history and heritage and, of course, of Noble's legacy in this town. A section of people wanted plaques on the statues in Ayrshire and this would help future generations interpret the past. </p><p> <a href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/ayr-civic-leaders-insist-hands-2220139">https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/ayr-civic-leaders-insist-hands-2220139</a>5</p><p><span></span></p><p>I<a href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/18510814.topple-racists-campaign-seeks-removal-12-scottish-statue">https://www.thenational.scot/news/18510814.topple-racists-campaign-seeks-removal-12-scottish-statue</a>s/</p><p><a href="https://victorianweb.org/sculpture/noble/25.htm">https://victorianweb.org/sculpture/noble/25.htm</a>l</p><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-37655879064233866482024-03-15T09:42:00.000-07:002024-03-15T09:42:33.878-07:00Sher Gate or ''Neil's Gate'' of Lucknow city, where ''Allahabad butcher'' Gen. George Neil was shot dead!!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZtKoLLjSAV0vkAOQMdDHlYmMRrKdLdWkbgSfNhzdQXe3t42KJamyUX9uHspzs_7AX9o7-HSz9H-f-MH8LsXGzkpegV-xY4V24ogrWsr5dzeGPuHkE_EzAR-ULVSHZD6gapDRaWFEzAN7zFdrVS9LlC5wBJYREK8A1FeNMeFKLbTInsVvicTTbbYm0IJR/s640/Sher-Darwaza-or-Neil's-Gate---Lucknow-1870's.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="640" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZtKoLLjSAV0vkAOQMdDHlYmMRrKdLdWkbgSfNhzdQXe3t42KJamyUX9uHspzs_7AX9o7-HSz9H-f-MH8LsXGzkpegV-xY4V24ogrWsr5dzeGPuHkE_EzAR-ULVSHZD6gapDRaWFEzAN7zFdrVS9LlC5wBJYREK8A1FeNMeFKLbTInsVvicTTbbYm0IJR/s320/Sher-Darwaza-or-Neil's-Gate---Lucknow-1870's.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sher gate or Neil's gate, Lucknow, UPoldindianphotos.in<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Above image; Sher gate of Neil's gate, Lucknow where Gen. Neil of ESI was shot dead- 26th Sept. 1857.( Photo credit: Darogha Abbas Ali)...<b>...............</b></div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSluUfF8HDuqrDExYE1ZSAw0oP9hBoq3whW56S5bX2Oz4srVTgeGErfCsv7MlzBs3csIIEtdYyiGDIqch1N51NKNx5-bTqLCGHHhRGgBraiYAaVQAXRr9FdSzcOlc7hqNqxwirGs99gRPl9d7gcrtVzY3_6qTjy8b0UFYg9dYmlxiWbVY9YZstAaL-K3m1/s639/257415655_148fecc460_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="639" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSluUfF8HDuqrDExYE1ZSAw0oP9hBoq3whW56S5bX2Oz4srVTgeGErfCsv7MlzBs3csIIEtdYyiGDIqch1N51NKNx5-bTqLCGHHhRGgBraiYAaVQAXRr9FdSzcOlc7hqNqxwirGs99gRPl9d7gcrtVzY3_6qTjy8b0UFYg9dYmlxiWbVY9YZstAaL-K3m1/s320/257415655_148fecc460_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">s</span><span style="text-align: left;">her Darwaza, Lucknow, UP Flicker.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><b><i><br /></i></b></div><div><b><i>Sher darwaza or Neil gate</i></b>, close to the Telegraphic office within the Residency complex that forms the second gate after the main entrance behind the old palace of Chattar Manzil / the Kaiserbagh palace, is a historical site in Lucknow city, UP. During the first war of independence in 1857-58 against the EIC's repressive rule was the scene of intensive battle between the English and the rebel soldiers who went on a rampage as they already crossed the limit of tolerance against the dishonest English officials. The reattacked the city to free the siege from the rebels. The British army was led by Commander <i>Brig. James George Neil of Madras army </i>-<i>‘Madras Fusiliers’</i>, a European unit, who was on special duty to put down the revolt as it had gained an upper hand. Major Neil was attacking with full force backed by reinforcement army. . </div><div><div><br /></div><div>Commander Neil already got a bad name and was responsible for many mass killing between June and September, 1857 in violation of higher army command's orders On September 25. 1857, it was a fateful day for Major heil who ran out of luck in succession. When he was passing in front of Sher Gate records mention that the valiant but revengeful and remorseless Neil was shot dead by a rioter who had been waiting for his arrival to put an end to his atrocities against the natives. He fell dead as he was shot in his head in the close range. Sher gate, as it was known then, was later known as Neil gate as this butcher of Allahabad met his death here. The edit of god is such that man who taught violence and vigilante justice at last fell to violence. During the heyday of the Nawabi rulers, Neil’s gate was primarily used by the women to enter the Zenana (exclusive women's area) in the palace complex. At the spot where General Neill fell dead stands a small monument with his name." (aged 47)</div><div> Buried at Lucknow - Residency Cemetery, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Date of death: Sept. 25, 1857.</div></div><div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">h<a href="ttps://www.oldindianphotos.in/2013/06/sher-darwaza-or-neils-gate-lucknow-1870s.html">ttps://www.oldindianphotos.in/2013/06/sher-darwaza-or-neils-gate-lucknow-1870s.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><a href="https://thrillingtravel.in/heritage-walk-lucknow-kaiserbagh.htm">https://thrillingtravel.in/heritage-walk-lucknow-kaiserbagh.htm</a>l</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-3847646351682979462024-03-15T02:46:00.000-07:002024-03-15T09:44:03.730-07:00 ''Allahabad Butcher'' Brig. Gen. George James Neil's memorial in Ayr Scotland, UK <p> The British government and the Crown are good at self adulation by saying the Empire introduced the democratic process in India and other colonies. You may set it aside as a sort of blatant lie or a pigment of their imagination. Prior to the famous Jallianwala Bagh massacre in April 1909 presided over by Brig. Gen, Reginald Dyer. Incidentally, the Crown did not take any action on Dyer and money was collected privately in 1909 to honor his role in Amritsar. He was called ''<i>the savior of women''</i></p><p>Several senior British military officials committed mass killings of Indian natives on the Indian soil to save the face of the British empire and many of them were commemorated in public places for their valor and patriotic zeal. One among them was Brig. Gen. George James Neil of EIC 's Madras Army who was nick named the<i> Butcher of Allahabad</i>. His role in 1857- first rebellion against the English company was a controversial one.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmK5Y3Ta5uLKyIplttIQ2Oah4LasLh_KZMezvaiR9iPLoDq6l0vdbSxaiM37IRJmX5KockQFdrpMGst5-l5srGbORXgkVazfAn4DvjGBO4CAPly3Jfr7OkUOUUTiMB8LiOPXUc8yVeXbOsLiec9_sZrkXv9-wHuh1RVGWjM2_DcmAbO74_npBMAlCIE81m/s640/Wellington_Square_Gardens,_Ayr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1417314.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="640" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmK5Y3Ta5uLKyIplttIQ2Oah4LasLh_KZMezvaiR9iPLoDq6l0vdbSxaiM37IRJmX5KockQFdrpMGst5-l5srGbORXgkVazfAn4DvjGBO4CAPly3Jfr7OkUOUUTiMB8LiOPXUc8yVeXbOsLiec9_sZrkXv9-wHuh1RVGWjM2_DcmAbO74_npBMAlCIE81m/s320/Wellington_Square_Gardens,_Ayr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1417314.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue of Brig. Neil, Wellington sq. gardens. Scotland</td></tr></tbody></table> upload.wikimedia.org<br /><span><br /></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglgmUji-OWeEUNzf_Zk-e47hqTz6lRmCRHQNCW37sQmCRZUqCkx-P2IXzcgmcDT_5CPqFBD9TcaEGTugCsuz-mCVjCTCVOe_STs2CkOBL-JqPYGZXHbbbUk4U8FU8-lT5xbIwVIr0MnIqk0B69m0NYOvAzdcbnuXSDG3dwGaK2ilzLO1T1ohJ8jtvhQCor/s800/61da06a049a0a_Brig_Neil_3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglgmUji-OWeEUNzf_Zk-e47hqTz6lRmCRHQNCW37sQmCRZUqCkx-P2IXzcgmcDT_5CPqFBD9TcaEGTugCsuz-mCVjCTCVOe_STs2CkOBL-JqPYGZXHbbbUk4U8FU8-lT5xbIwVIr0MnIqk0B69m0NYOvAzdcbnuXSDG3dwGaK2ilzLO1T1ohJ8jtvhQCor/w300-h400/61da06a049a0a_Brig_Neil_3.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span><span>Brig.Gen. James </span>Scotland, UK</span><span style="text-align: center;"> warmemorialsonline.org.uk</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr></tr></tbody></table></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikgITxFV2eSIS_NUEXWjh_FCkWfPNskHLrAR1X-YCn-OijymYGepkD2R6nKO_gdRU1GPun27IRKeJQOUltDoydLawbKQkuhwgKTsda-wY6aBPuH2ACPk4gQbaIlKl_jw2wKyS9wDPP-m1KEKG5ivWk7Ss-2cacouW4va6djsCCFtzAlRKQnG6451Jw76qr/s963/159671.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikgITxFV2eSIS_NUEXWjh_FCkWfPNskHLrAR1X-YCn-OijymYGepkD2R6nKO_gdRU1GPun27IRKeJQOUltDoydLawbKQkuhwgKTsda-wY6aBPuH2ACPk4gQbaIlKl_jw2wKyS9wDPP-m1KEKG5ivWk7Ss-2cacouW4va6djsCCFtzAlRKQnG6451Jw76qr/s320/159671.jpg" width="199" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span>Brig. Gen. James </span>Scotland, UK</b>nationalgalleries.org</td></tr></tbody></table></span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU57YIFMxcN80Q45N9nzqaxTMSgVXqmrqhiMa6o0M2NupdE-mEZpabw9Ap5fy4LXH_iaMTtoTPn30htVvps-yZy4ueupKvIQATZsbxaqv5Hls6fSWgjDai5t3rS73AnQefhNSP7spfamdQzQrq42fA8HtN-ClxGWJHkqVcCHB1nNvsge6Yqh3R-4WejEcr/s1198/James_George_Smith_Neill_statue,_Wellington_Square,_Ayr_-_inscription.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1198" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU57YIFMxcN80Q45N9nzqaxTMSgVXqmrqhiMa6o0M2NupdE-mEZpabw9Ap5fy4LXH_iaMTtoTPn30htVvps-yZy4ueupKvIQATZsbxaqv5Hls6fSWgjDai5t3rS73AnQefhNSP7spfamdQzQrq42fA8HtN-ClxGWJHkqVcCHB1nNvsge6Yqh3R-4WejEcr/s320/James_George_Smith_Neill_statue,_Wellington_Square,_Ayr_-_inscription.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brig. Neil's statue, Scotlandupload.wikimedia.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuiXE9gDl4d-4SlXw50P3mz_nN6F44TbuTmR4aaCxG6H3smLqWmty7fW1xg2ShZcboGClbZC-UZVbrQ8TDv3gXTgQwYsom2bdXZrrBvE840te4DhBjg_oEoDYclE2rzjJMhPCc6u3H4DvPrgqhJfCecqHxfPCozhbvEDDotyU4I0XUSnkYS0Rh_uLdOKSX/s1169/James_George_Smith_Neill_statue,_Wellington_Square,_Ayr_-_placque.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="1169" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuiXE9gDl4d-4SlXw50P3mz_nN6F44TbuTmR4aaCxG6H3smLqWmty7fW1xg2ShZcboGClbZC-UZVbrQ8TDv3gXTgQwYsom2bdXZrrBvE840te4DhBjg_oEoDYclE2rzjJMhPCc6u3H4DvPrgqhJfCecqHxfPCozhbvEDDotyU4I0XUSnkYS0Rh_uLdOKSX/s320/James_George_Smith_Neill_statue,_Wellington_Square,_Ayr_-_placque.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brig. Neil's statue, Scotland, Plaque commons.wikimedia.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Above images: Sculpture of Brigadier George James Neil, Wellington square gardens, adjacent to the WW1 & WW2 Civic Memorial, Ayr, Scotland on a granite pedestal and three stage granite base (rectangular plan plinth). The name of the sculptor sculptor Matthew Noble is at the base of the figure, on the front side, and of the foundry in the same position on the rear face. The lettering is leaded. On the front face (facing west) of the top base there is a bronze panel (bottom image), depicting scenes from the Siege; a pulvinated bronze band and surmounting bronze figure (created in 1860). Robinson and Cottam (Founder / Foundry), unveiled in 1859. </div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">Inscription on the memorial in Wellington Square, Ayr.</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">The rank and precedence of the wife of a K.C.B. was given to his widow, and memorials were erected in Lucknow and at Ayr. A memorial at the Residency, Lucknow reads: <i>"Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General J.G.S. Neill A.D.C. to the Queen. Col J.L. Stephenson c.o. Major S.G.C. Renaud Lieut. W.G. Groom. Lieut N.H. Arnold. Lieut A.A. Richardson. Lieut J.A. Chisholm Lieut F. Dobbs 352 non-commissioned officers, drummers and rank and file of the First Madras Fusiliers who fell during the suppression of the rebellion in Bengal 1857-58</i>."(?</div></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">A campaign for the removal of the Brigadier-General James Neill statue in Wellington Square, Ayr organized in 2020, as Neil's inhuman and discriminatory military actions in India offended the present generation of Scotts.</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><b>..................</b></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqM27FrLWk_ynUPUEvAsk5yXCn8FO3ry6mJvci6En69FiwR5ZfZoLY6KLo3vCz8NsA2-axWg3qnWVMSq_d8esgqZljmyZ2gstYcLdEdfODhhpHbc3d8I25mefi70UzDUX9WfKumWhD4v65_jeeQxcAsdCt_U5fjq7aIyzl2z3b7k5R1Nq1PT2mPRgccQV/s200/deccanherald_import_sites_dh_files_article_images_2010_09_25_museum%20(1).webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="200" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqM27FrLWk_ynUPUEvAsk5yXCn8FO3ry6mJvci6En69FiwR5ZfZoLY6KLo3vCz8NsA2-axWg3qnWVMSq_d8esgqZljmyZ2gstYcLdEdfODhhpHbc3d8I25mefi70UzDUX9WfKumWhD4v65_jeeQxcAsdCt_U5fjq7aIyzl2z3b7k5R1Nq1PT2mPRgccQV/s1600/deccanherald_import_sites_dh_files_article_images_2010_09_25_museum%20(1).webp" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">George Neil's statue in Madras museum, TN d<a href="http://eccanherald.com">eccanherald.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QLKp9kXJlYwa7d5pV5A59HHkdWmnfHW0HBYDK47zWvZ7P-GW7bKoJPg4RN4D6XOSNK8tk64tbJ4gLu-4ThEZO8X9ETG0Jqyuzfhyphenhypheni48VEMujOSHcy0NKIA7dF88LIwxGVCcYL1Ks4QxW/s1600/CC512207-1422970607.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="637" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QLKp9kXJlYwa7d5pV5A59HHkdWmnfHW0HBYDK47zWvZ7P-GW7bKoJPg4RN4D6XOSNK8tk64tbJ4gLu-4ThEZO8X9ETG0Jqyuzfhyphenhypheni48VEMujOSHcy0NKIA7dF88LIwxGVCcYL1Ks4QxW/s320/CC512207-1422970607.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><span><span><span><span>James Neil's statue over 10 feet tall. </span></span>royalcollection.org</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Above image: Chennai (Madras) -10 ft tall B<span>ronze statue of Brig. Gen. James Neill, in Madras (now Chennai). It was A</span><span>cquired by King Edward VII when he was Prince of Wales. Removed from the public place to the local Museum in 1960. N<i>o Indian wants this statue of Neil in Chennai who committed mass killing in India in 1857</i>..........</span><span></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><a href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99637/butcher-allahabad-lies-museum-attic.h">http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99637/butcher-allahabad-lies-museum-attic.h</a>tml</div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/a-sons-revenge/articleshow/58601994.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/a-sons-revenge/articleshow/58601994.cms</a></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/99637/butcher-allahabad-lies-museum-attic.htm">https://www.deccanherald.com/content/99637/butcher-allahabad-lies-museum-attic.htm</a>l</div></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><span> </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div></div></span></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-19032830570236990342024-03-13T01:46:00.000-07:002024-03-13T01:46:46.108-07:00Memorial for ''Colin Campbell'' of EIC Army - In 1857 revolt he killed Indian rebels by blowing before cannons!!<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHWDeER_0Vv59Tql5ddY7e-SMauNrEbKMCYFmV0kphnUkkja1LRBsbKJrCU8UU6RKwHtJ1NRopAb8ffeTIi_axzI_XQs9vwsRCAHlkmEzzJ3N7nnHfIbuhuRRiZrJbI84T3pPIy8aVo1OQXIbmj2cwy_Yr5LIcVRg9a7jNEQZVRDvxkr4Gsvg4COz644cn/s1200/SW1Y_TJ_S019-003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHWDeER_0Vv59Tql5ddY7e-SMauNrEbKMCYFmV0kphnUkkja1LRBsbKJrCU8UU6RKwHtJ1NRopAb8ffeTIi_axzI_XQs9vwsRCAHlkmEzzJ3N7nnHfIbuhuRRiZrJbI84T3pPIy8aVo1OQXIbmj2cwy_Yr5LIcVRg9a7jNEQZVRDvxkr4Gsvg4COz644cn/s320/SW1Y_TJ_S019-003.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Colin Campbell</span> statue, <b>waterloo</b>. /d3d00swyhr67nd.cloudfront.net</td></tr></tbody></table></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyApPdpsG3LwVMnlmSYzsMPP-eXmt9rNVcKgWi70hyphenhyphenwUL0fFxzOTgJpenypoi8_lOtO02dMNamZbW03VYVprGwl10SQ5mqjzDXMLSEEvYCeO5TAMiyqJ1I3iAskc8aT7Fx-wKqqVU3mJHBEa0UG89__7MPE6ybAsjwADLOeNTckZw2r2x0DxWScw9hK2Rd/s640/Colin_Campbell_Memorial%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="442" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyApPdpsG3LwVMnlmSYzsMPP-eXmt9rNVcKgWi70hyphenhyphenwUL0fFxzOTgJpenypoi8_lOtO02dMNamZbW03VYVprGwl10SQ5mqjzDXMLSEEvYCeO5TAMiyqJ1I3iAskc8aT7Fx-wKqqVU3mJHBEa0UG89__7MPE6ybAsjwADLOeNTckZw2r2x0DxWScw9hK2Rd/s320/Colin_Campbell_Memorial%20(1).jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">memorial of army man Colin Campbell</span> upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7jUbJ1F96SFedejgtS-p4QKCcjyW3xTJ0m70arra4_ZN98jTdnBEom5-2d0gMw8u1zexLQinwAecr92jILyoKEvGdi9dlDgZEO3b6fs4pAL6ff1fTZAvmIbIbzoexXMImcfj6XVbw4VQIZlQFT-lDjvF11NsztTqeM9DvufCWpq9F_-gbtvpHCf9NMG-/s1200/SW1Y_TJ_S019-014.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7jUbJ1F96SFedejgtS-p4QKCcjyW3xTJ0m70arra4_ZN98jTdnBEom5-2d0gMw8u1zexLQinwAecr92jILyoKEvGdi9dlDgZEO3b6fs4pAL6ff1fTZAvmIbIbzoexXMImcfj6XVbw4VQIZlQFT-lDjvF11NsztTqeM9DvufCWpq9F_-gbtvpHCf9NMG-/s320/SW1Y_TJ_S019-014.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/colin-campbell-17921863-1st-baron-clyde-265464" style="text-align: left;"><span>Campbell statue, Waterloo. , base of the pedestal artuk.org</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><div><span>Above images: <b>Statue in Waterloo, UK</b>. </span><span>A bronze standing figure of the Commander-in-Chief of India (during the Mutiny), set on a tall circular granite pedestal with a bronze figure of Britannia seated on a lion. </span></div><div><span>The plaque in Waterloo, England </span><span>reads as follows...<i> "Colin Campbell Field Marshall Lord Clyde Born 1792 Died 1862". Colin Campbell (born Colin MacIver) was a British Army officer from Glasgow who led the Highland Brigade in the Crimean War and was in command of the ‘Thin red line’ at the battle of Balaclava. </i> Created by </span><span>Carlo Marochetti it was erected in Waterloo Place in London in 1867. </span></div><div><br /></div><div><span> Lord Clyde is shown wearing the informal uniform of patrol jacket, corduroy breeches, and high boots. The coat is buttoned only at the throat, with hunting boots. An old-fashioned cavalry sword, supposedly given to him by Lord Hardinge, hangs from his belt. A telescope case hangs from a strap at his side and he carries in his left hand a solar helmet of the type which he had recommended for use by the Indian Army. The statue stands on a cylindrical pedestal on a square base. Upon a lower granite base projecting in front of this is a female figure personifying Victory, seated on the back of a couchant British lion.</span></div><div><span>(<a href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/colin-campbell-17921863-1st-baron-clyde-265464">https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/colin-campbell-17921863-1st-baron-clyde-265464</a>)</span></div><div><br /><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpOlPi_kZrwsIlwyoqPFKm35UGHarn0t3I4KffBZDb0LtiV0BLek7bhpw6tapP3gEGz32XJ3tQTK-yKCeZh9_6BsU_lk-DR0_NFxwY1rZ7xrReZJzY5YuCrhRZOpaRNSOz5tJoyasp_yb5Q0SHG-t7VsIkahyEznOdctTZjsjnS-wgWOlW8q7V1DIHlfh/s1300/george-square-glasgow-scotland-uk-statue-of-colin-campbell-field-marshal-lord-clyde-by-john-henry-foley-2JMMNCD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1300" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfpOlPi_kZrwsIlwyoqPFKm35UGHarn0t3I4KffBZDb0LtiV0BLek7bhpw6tapP3gEGz32XJ3tQTK-yKCeZh9_6BsU_lk-DR0_NFxwY1rZ7xrReZJzY5YuCrhRZOpaRNSOz5tJoyasp_yb5Q0SHG-t7VsIkahyEznOdctTZjsjnS-wgWOlW8q7V1DIHlfh/w400-h294/george-square-glasgow-scotland-uk-statue-of-colin-campbell-field-marshal-lord-clyde-by-john-henry-foley-2JMMNCD.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue of Colin Campbell, Glasgow. alamy.com</td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkSJieYjlPCrbvBuue-ZfwOG0eMadcHL-1PEri3MATLmT8uMeUOUF7c0ihzc9Tum07i11OusfD4RiL563mXNr1v6A7w-ZbBFXmUjjUDG4r75oeJKxKngDmk-oHQdQwDUqnMoMhI5RSKO46tzBbAXqAzSrW1NFAp-mIcl1kuS4uyy_6xSiL3_Us2Yz-gsT/s655/33233652-8737365-image-a-59_1600218824846.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="306" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkSJieYjlPCrbvBuue-ZfwOG0eMadcHL-1PEri3MATLmT8uMeUOUF7c0ihzc9Tum07i11OusfD4RiL563mXNr1v6A7w-ZbBFXmUjjUDG4r75oeJKxKngDmk-oHQdQwDUqnMoMhI5RSKO46tzBbAXqAzSrW1NFAp-mIcl1kuS4uyy_6xSiL3_Us2Yz-gsT/w186-h400/33233652-8737365-image-a-59_1600218824846.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue of Clin Campbell, Glasgow, expressdigest.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><div><span>Above images: <b> State in Glasgow, Scotland, UK</b>. created</span> in George Square in Glasgow Statue of Clyde<span> by John Foley </span> (1818-74) ; unveiled in 1868, <span>''<i>A memorial in honor of </i></span><span><i>" army commander Colin Campbell, Field Marshall who liberated Lucknow from the rebel Indian soldiers in March 1858''.</i> </span></div></span></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPsIGopDFGqj_qRKjylQuE2V0SrtFppVSGD_23DlCNn6Wo9HQStvDm5qdyAsmfRzUJnyCSWGIROnvec81mulCodi0JPovRoSQgZWrc5gYood83Ge35eOeKjAV9I6j0GJhVTzMVn9Q92vs9z2NhNQG2hraTJtdxQq9mKJMjSYfxb_33TdJIi5TtpYSaHY0/s653/8b.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="329" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPsIGopDFGqj_qRKjylQuE2V0SrtFppVSGD_23DlCNn6Wo9HQStvDm5qdyAsmfRzUJnyCSWGIROnvec81mulCodi0JPovRoSQgZWrc5gYood83Ge35eOeKjAV9I6j0GJhVTzMVn9Q92vs9z2NhNQG2hraTJtdxQq9mKJMjSYfxb_33TdJIi5TtpYSaHY0/w201-h400/8b.jpg" width="201" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: left;">statue of Campbell, </span>Glasgow, UK.victorianweb.</span>org</td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div>EIC Sr. Army man Campbell is standing by the stump of a palm tree, in loose campaign attire, with brimmed hat in one hand, telescope in the other, and sword at his side. He looks sturdy and stout-hearted, "<i>with that mixture of grimness and care and eminent intelligence"</i> in his face, for which he was known in life (qtd. in McKenzie 137). The statue depicts his young age while his additions indicate the later, Indian phase of his career, which received severe criticisms. Critics wanted his statue moved out to some other place from the public glare.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHgZdb2bRQewAhXa03uHB8WvbTp_pytlX4SAHj0RsmN4hSKYQNevVV05P3pzAlfKBoxwSeZZB5xDSfn1qMsydG2wC-7aMpfWauV9Hl3jsU_ULmlGcsa2BpG7eSnxYr7KdcrUn1EA7JE0IUJdMJaKUQbZheheO2sYge2tCFje9UnTzZejcLY5h_V2K2Ftq/s800/72891_full.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="800" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHgZdb2bRQewAhXa03uHB8WvbTp_pytlX4SAHj0RsmN4hSKYQNevVV05P3pzAlfKBoxwSeZZB5xDSfn1qMsydG2wC-7aMpfWauV9Hl3jsU_ULmlGcsa2BpG7eSnxYr7KdcrUn1EA7JE0IUJdMJaKUQbZheheO2sYge2tCFje9UnTzZejcLY5h_V2K2Ftq/s320/72891_full.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Storming the Sikandar Bagh, Lucknow, 16 Nov.1857nam.ac.uk</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg89xvaQDZMtpRSS-FX8IOf1ZUFvwX-Xf0HvMTCt4KVvYeG0MllUz_pG13y1ZNqcIOYvKrkVZgpayyyXRb6YVTZzdFCcTbFV2gNenxogIRPo0SDz1uUeKg3uqRusPxdW30xeIkua8D02lZRodgwmG_JDxMWZjUoDcMnSEMxOUxgRqmzs9K9qmuDqerkZbRn/s576/Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="576" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg89xvaQDZMtpRSS-FX8IOf1ZUFvwX-Xf0HvMTCt4KVvYeG0MllUz_pG13y1ZNqcIOYvKrkVZgpayyyXRb6YVTZzdFCcTbFV2gNenxogIRPo0SDz1uUeKg3uqRusPxdW30xeIkua8D02lZRodgwmG_JDxMWZjUoDcMnSEMxOUxgRqmzs9K9qmuDqerkZbRn/s320/Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Ruined Sikandar Bagh, Lucknow, en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>Above image; Heavily damaged Sikandar Bagh after the Slaughter of 2,000 Rebels by the 93rd Highlanders and 4th Punjab Regiment. First Attack of Sir Colin Campbell in November 1857, Lucknow. Albumen silver print, by <i><b>Felice Beato,</b></i> 1858. Second attack took place in March 1858 </span><span>on the outskirts of Lucknow. the first one was the scene of intense fighting in November, 1857. Following the action, the British dead were buried in a deep trench but the Indian corpses were left to rot. Later, the city had to be evacuated and was not recaptured until March 1858 and it was shortly afterwards that<i> </i></span><span><span><i>Felice Beato </i></span><span> probably took this photograph. As one contemporary commentator described it: <i>"A few of their [rebel] bones and skulls are to be seen in front of the picture, but when I saw them every one was being regularly buried, so I presume the dogs dug them up." </i>A British officer, Sir George Campbell, noted in his memoirs Beato's presence in Lucknow and stated that he probably had the bones uncovered to be photographed.</span></span></p><p><span><span>However, <i>William Howard Russell</i> of The Times recorded seeing many skeletons still lying around in April 1858 Photographic views of Lucknow taken after the Indian Mutiny, The image was taken by Felice Beato, a Corfiote by birth, who visited India during the period of the First War of Indian Independence; possibly commissioned by the War Office in London, He made documentary photographs showing the damage to the buildings in Lucknow following the two sieges. It is known that he was in Lucknow in March and April of 1858 within a few weeks of the capture of that city by British forces under Sir Colin Campbell. His equipment was a large box camera using 10" x 12" plates which needed a long exposure, and he made over 60 photographs of places in the city connected with the military events. Beato also visited Delhi, Cawnpore and other 'Mutiny' sites where he took photographs.</span></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVBtuT6MsC-NrTiQvCWDhPBUcBHPXfXtwIYxQCaZvenpVy9zks2jtwVIOZ_o7z7RxTfoEwes3nymqaEJOrAUqFENoDsJhhXGRkvAsEV3YLV1uVko2WhmfK70RMQRyb0mjX9JbrZphQ0VcFZzvhnB69jflWcEKMVViCC_vA5_8XX0R0XXI0TOTT5lzjOzy/s600/110008_half.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="600" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVBtuT6MsC-NrTiQvCWDhPBUcBHPXfXtwIYxQCaZvenpVy9zks2jtwVIOZ_o7z7RxTfoEwes3nymqaEJOrAUqFENoDsJhhXGRkvAsEV3YLV1uVko2WhmfK70RMQRyb0mjX9JbrZphQ0VcFZzvhnB69jflWcEKMVViCC_vA5_8XX0R0XXI0TOTT5lzjOzy/s320/110008_half.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ruined front of the Lucknow Residency,1858 nam.ac.uk</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8BJevCayP7lSSJMVt90UWvF3lH1og_5dlMVWAx3muy6pdu8u25Ix-zrJyvK2enj8Dk0ZpbdRlyTh8sZS0M_Tq8ZIAflALBMVpLyIzSpuujmq_MnI5roSKp5rfFoqK13DYVlHDFtEhDJk3MSSiupeYsRInzr5L4Rgba0d9qIvAKyJR5ZbrRYrNOAwZ8ER7/s3088/Colin_Campbell_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker_1860,_SNPG.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3088" data-original-width="2056" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8BJevCayP7lSSJMVt90UWvF3lH1og_5dlMVWAx3muy6pdu8u25Ix-zrJyvK2enj8Dk0ZpbdRlyTh8sZS0M_Tq8ZIAflALBMVpLyIzSpuujmq_MnI5roSKp5rfFoqK13DYVlHDFtEhDJk3MSSiupeYsRInzr5L4Rgba0d9qIvAKyJR5ZbrRYrNOAwZ8ER7/s320/Colin_Campbell_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker_1860,_SNPG.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colin Campbell by Thomas Jones Barker 1860/upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Campbell never married, or fathered any children, was r<span>uthless when dealing with the natives who raised their voice against unjust rule, </span><span>Filed Marshal Campbell </span><span> never failed to oversee cruel punishment meted out to rebelling soldiers. One of his favorite punishments exclusively reserved for the Indian natives is firing them from a cannon after forcing them to lick blood. Blowing with the gun , the most excruciating punishment common during the 1857 great rebellion by the Indian soldiers. Filed Marshal Campbell thought this kind of punishment would instill fear among the natives and they won't protest against them. During these operations his men committed many indiscriminate reprisals against Indians in response to the mutineers earlier massacres of Europeans and Christians In March 1858 at Lucknow more than </span><span> 700 (official figure) rebels were merciless ly killed.</span><span> </span></p><p><span><span></span></span></p><p><span>For his services in the conflict during the 1857-58 war of independence, he was ennobled as Lord Clyde in 1858. After returning home the following year, Campbell received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and a pension of £2,000 a year. In 1862, he was promoted to field marshal - perhaps for having killed Indian natives in a large numbers </span><span>by blowing into pieces before heavy cannons or hanging them. He instructed his soldiers to let the bodies rot in the gallows or on the post so that it could serve act as deterrence to others who wanted freedom from the British yoke!!</span></p><p><span><span><a href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/colin-campbell-soldier-coolness-and-precision">https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/colin-campbell-soldier-coolness-and-precision</a></span></span></p><p><span><a href="https://en.w">https://en.w</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde#/media/File:Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.">ikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde#/media/File:Image Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.</a>jpg</span></p><p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305748823000981">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305748823000981</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-20154794993378311232024-03-12T20:14:00.000-07:002024-03-12T20:14:49.558-07:00Field Marshal Colin Campbell, of EIC army, a vicious savage of 1857 revolt, India <p></p><br />During the1857 first War of Independence in India against English company's misrule, the British army produced many butchers like <i><span>John Nicholson, </span>Colonel James Neil, William Stephen Raikes Hodson </i>and others. Among them was <i><b> </b></i><i><b>Field Marshal Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde </b></i>who had played no less role than others in the <i>siege of Lucknow</i> and other places. <div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL5sYfN6F0jzr_cs8NYId8wLELDp_fUElSqbmIgoJTFtRcqYHafSyaRM0wTX800I6n9s0CvAm8h533_CF2x-tdedx53Ce42zhJY92ny1USU9e2uHKT5vjI-mLuGgEKvxFSnLyM2posWxnConvmnkROKtIvzCO2HnfgAEGiNTRPDfQp3JcnztagFa-iOHl7/s320/Lord-clyde.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="292" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL5sYfN6F0jzr_cs8NYId8wLELDp_fUElSqbmIgoJTFtRcqYHafSyaRM0wTX800I6n9s0CvAm8h533_CF2x-tdedx53Ce42zhJY92ny1USU9e2uHKT5vjI-mLuGgEKvxFSnLyM2posWxnConvmnkROKtIvzCO2HnfgAEGiNTRPDfQp3JcnztagFa-iOHl7/w292-h320/Lord-clyde.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lord Colin (Campbell) en.wikipedia.org<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Above image: In the early stages of the Indian Mutiny in 1857, Campbell was appointed Commander-in-Chief, India. He led a series of successful campaigns, including sending enforcement army, the relief and subsequent evacuation of Lucknow and the decisive defeat of Tanya Tope at the Second Battle of Cawnpore.<b>.................</b><p><span>Field Marshal Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde, KSI (20 October 1792 – 14 August 1863), </span><span> s</span><span>on of a Glasgow carpenter was </span><span>a British Army officer in 1812 and </span><span> rose to various positions of prominence through innate skill, courage and unique war strategies, His active participation </span><span>in the Peninsular war, </span><span> the </span><span>Second Anglo-Sikh War in which he led the </span><span>98th Regiment of Foot gave him lots of experience and confidence, Soon after that he played a commendable role during the </span><span>Crimean War. After </span><span>his brief sojourn in England, when the first war of Indian independence of 1857 had affected the morale of the British forces in India, on </span><span> 1 July 1857, at an early stage in the Indian Mutiny, Lord Palmerston offered Campbell the command of all British forces in India and promoted </span><span>to the local rank of full gener</span><span>al in India. He landed in Calcutta, India in August 1857 to tackle the fast brewing violent revolt in northern states. With skill and tactics he then evacuated Lucknow in November 1857 and , defeated Tantia Tope at the Second Battle of Cawnpore in December 1857.</span><span> </span><span> </span></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTFKoBGpezjgU8VTOMsoUbXQCE30vcfS0oGKzJuO_UB3qV4YCAF6aBxHeDFfMMVyZP1GHpnTmtgGSG8l4Tvw37RVJqWyLHfIA7PMU7_D-fqPQbqrcfGBN6-qPQaFUQj-M3vbKBVVtWCNPS9eBjM1ifzCfGddca6OUk9t5p5X63SrfUSmrd_WSFjonc_S0/s800/2866_full.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="800" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTFKoBGpezjgU8VTOMsoUbXQCE30vcfS0oGKzJuO_UB3qV4YCAF6aBxHeDFfMMVyZP1GHpnTmtgGSG8l4Tvw37RVJqWyLHfIA7PMU7_D-fqPQbqrcfGBN6-qPQaFUQj-M3vbKBVVtWCNPS9eBjM1ifzCfGddca6OUk9t5p5X63SrfUSmrd_WSFjonc_S0/s320/2866_full.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Campbell with Chief of Staff, Maj-Gen. William Mansfield,1858 nam.ac.uk</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><span>He had a tough time at Lucknow with the rebels who controlled the city. </span><span>The Begum Kothi palace complex was a tougher nut to break in. .</span><span>Campbell</span><span> resorted to blasting through several buildings for 3 long days capturing the rebel posts. The rebel casualty was way high. .more than 700 (official figure). </span><span>Upon recapturing </span><span> Lucknow again in March 1858, .he was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 14 May 1858 later raised to the peerage as <i>Baron Clyde, of Clydesdale in Scotland </i>on 3 August 1858. </span></p><p><span>In Autumn 1858, faced with an unexpected hurdle - <i><b>White Mutiny</b></i> by the East India Company's European troops, who had not received their enlistment bounties, So, without hesitation, he used British troops to enforce discipline until the British Cabinet agreed to some concessions. </span><span>While still commander-in-chief, he dealt with the "White Mutiny" carefully and sen it east in the Second Opium War.</span><span> With full force under the control, his stern and fearsome actions helped him put down many parts of the mutiny. </span><span>He continued in charge of the operations in India until the revolt was put down in 1858 and then returned to England in June 1860.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj414eB7TyCzz9BnVt2h6Tk536aHBZCUKjFwfaOjqZhxyWa6Ab9-08dz4fbVdL1uVsAM4V0IDIkp3BPPJrgQuXtYXnd6sv4s6elOZ3aekXL51llwasulrwuEUTHmbi3T9_WKyq6kJ4JwOnZIiboMqWWDmgJ4YRl51rDn2YRy5DlGS6iSe29UNJA8HZAsmJ9/s1390/bronze-statue-of-sir-colin-campbell-baron-clyde-knowns-as-the-saviour-BJNACW.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="866" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj414eB7TyCzz9BnVt2h6Tk536aHBZCUKjFwfaOjqZhxyWa6Ab9-08dz4fbVdL1uVsAM4V0IDIkp3BPPJrgQuXtYXnd6sv4s6elOZ3aekXL51llwasulrwuEUTHmbi3T9_WKyq6kJ4JwOnZIiboMqWWDmgJ4YRl51rDn2YRy5DlGS6iSe29UNJA8HZAsmJ9/s320/bronze-statue-of-sir-colin-campbell-baron-clyde-knowns-as-the-saviour-BJNACW.jpg" width="199" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Field Marshal Colin Campbell.alamy.com/</span>,</td></tr></tbody></table>./</div><div><span>Above image: Bronze statue of Sir Colin Campbell Baron Clyde known as the Saviour of Lucknow. </span><span>During these operations his men committed many indiscriminate reprisals against Indians in response to the mutineers earlier massacres of Europeans and Christians In March 1858 at Lucknow more than </span><span> </span><span>700 (official figure) rebels were mercilessly killed; in total more than 2000 people were killed and many of them were given severe punishment- blowing before the cannons.</span><span> </span><span> </span></div><div><p><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde</a></span></p><p><span><a href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/colin-campbell-soldier-coolness-and-precision">https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/colin-campbell-soldier-coolness-and-precision</a></span></p><p><br /></p></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-79581153903275255312024-03-12T08:12:00.000-07:002024-03-12T08:12:38.260-07:00The "White Mutiny" of early 1860s against the East India company in India<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj013KIrlRaunwbJWRmuzH7SwfMzlUQ0_13-xv3mFsdT6b4eTCeznqJWmRJ7Pt1VKjdltTCeOUW7_WMbpxzGlG1rwkFrKnWb6KFD0eb-5NyhvmukV45bbYxH90wD9fkMo34NCkPxpmCbejEJSQ06e5_G_r1toQu9oVzgHmuCf0mWAuatCSi-m3C0219Y002/s1280/maxresdefault%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj013KIrlRaunwbJWRmuzH7SwfMzlUQ0_13-xv3mFsdT6b4eTCeznqJWmRJ7Pt1VKjdltTCeOUW7_WMbpxzGlG1rwkFrKnWb6KFD0eb-5NyhvmukV45bbYxH90wD9fkMo34NCkPxpmCbejEJSQ06e5_G_r1toQu9oVzgHmuCf0mWAuatCSi-m3C0219Y002/w400-h225/maxresdefault%20(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">.White mutiny 1859-61, India. ytimg.com</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><span>Have ever heard of or read about <i><b>The White Mutiny ,</b></i> the unrest and protest that occurred on the Indian soil in the early 1860s. The interesting aspect is the participants were mostly Whites. This was the second mutiny organized by the Whites in India during the EIC rule and the first being </span><span> </span><span><i>the Monghyr Mutiny,</i> a "White mutiny" of </span><span>1766.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLi6SML7GpcxHbZlU4pyOgaXpgy0wc_mPqtDl6r9j54fIZf7SZBiG5wCzj31jwEfWlr7CC4cJtrNKgAjsJhQMVOYApF4yUupcricOB4E9EGRm7Cw2tT_KMVEB3S7N91Q3F3LQKrEklyk1Jdad9DLDDWlFs8wHJwaMS-QHD672WdYPfHaMNDnAi90CjzJZA/s1200/FraserCalcuttaGovernmentHouse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="1200" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLi6SML7GpcxHbZlU4pyOgaXpgy0wc_mPqtDl6r9j54fIZf7SZBiG5wCzj31jwEfWlr7CC4cJtrNKgAjsJhQMVOYApF4yUupcricOB4E9EGRm7Cw2tT_KMVEB3S7N91Q3F3LQKrEklyk1Jdad9DLDDWlFs8wHJwaMS-QHD672WdYPfHaMNDnAi90CjzJZA/s320/FraserCalcuttaGovernmentHouse.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">India Gov. General's Hose, 19yh CE upload.wikimedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>As far as the second White Mutiny is concerned, it was vehemently organized by the European army men in the aftermath of </span><span>the dissolution in 1858-59 of the "European Forces" of the East India Company.</span></p><p><span>The intense first major war of independence of 1857 that began in the Cantonment of Meerut against the corrupt and oppressive ESI rule had spread to other northern states, The British government finally stepped in and under the English Crown took direct administration of the subcontinent to squeeze the vast income that had been flowing from India. </span>The East India Company was abolished in favor of the direct rule of India by the British government and the new Indian Act of 1858 transferred units of the East India Company to the control of the British Crown.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PcuA8hlRNwccbQmVYC6s-_HiAuRDjA_Qz8T7UI_LxtfrR2txqyBxWqvmowvDwETo3Anc9n-rRon4sh1sQKJLZFGIRKQbDFDlxGQEip4lGa_iAcS3J-v6fMSxPXRZa80E4BmytJ3rNupXmMK-z6XLTgzeQxOXqsp6oHnwBXErOIyImij0zR0HuxvXi74c/s1280/1280px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PcuA8hlRNwccbQmVYC6s-_HiAuRDjA_Qz8T7UI_LxtfrR2txqyBxWqvmowvDwETo3Anc9n-rRon4sh1sQKJLZFGIRKQbDFDlxGQEip4lGa_iAcS3J-v6fMSxPXRZa80E4BmytJ3rNupXmMK-z6XLTgzeQxOXqsp6oHnwBXErOIyImij0zR0HuxvXi74c/s320/1280px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army.svg.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flag of Royal Indian Army en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><span>To run the administration effectively the newly formed British India regime </span><span>had two separate military forces</span><span> </span><span>until 1862, one unit </span><span>serving tours of duty in India known as the <b>"Queen's army''</b>;</span><span> the other army was </span><span> that of the East India Company (EIC). Further, the financial crisis caused by the wide-spread mutiny and destructions led to a reorganization of the Indian administration’s finances on a modern basis. The Indian army was also extensively reorganized by the Crown.</span></p><p><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKjTMAAgflRwhImXjEVuxcWiqPrTIKs5rxbgqEOrO1ilH21TS1ocmIO07SJlFNANZYXa7_nfxwRbf_kXFKZ4qIaETeJm8leI5grXAJxAFaO-Tf3DqQKX2UKylad3O0H5IWpxSNAOegeZCBkcBP6h1aZpL-36voWtZ_HzXnczxqN0UYILorPYc1fD5ZSdS/s383/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="383" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKjTMAAgflRwhImXjEVuxcWiqPrTIKs5rxbgqEOrO1ilH21TS1ocmIO07SJlFNANZYXa7_nfxwRbf_kXFKZ4qIaETeJm8leI5grXAJxAFaO-Tf3DqQKX2UKylad3O0H5IWpxSNAOegeZCBkcBP6h1aZpL-36voWtZ_HzXnczxqN0UYILorPYc1fD5ZSdS/s320/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flag of East India Co. ps://en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><p><span> Above image: T</span>he flag of the Company with the flag of Great Britain in the canton..<b>..............</b></p><p><span>The Company's troops were a blend of "European" regiments of Britons recruited specifically for service in India and "Native" regiments recruiting from the locality with British officers; the Europeans were mostly Irish. The British who were good at creating disparity did not leave the EIC army unaffected. </span><span>The positions of officers of the European regiments were <i>''not bought by purchase but advancement was normally by seniority'</i>'.</span><span> Whereas </span><span> sovereign crown's military officers came under the category of <i> </i></span><span><i>"Purchased commission"</i></span><span><i> </i>and advancement was through <i>''seniority or </i></span><span><i> </i></span><span><i> battlefield commission''.</i> </span><span>In both armies promotion could be accelerated by losses or transfers on active service.</span></p><div><p><span>The EIC Army had an advantage over the Queen's Army, the EIC troops received <i>batta or extra allowances of pay </i>to cover various expenditures relating to operations out of the home territories. On the other hand, the troops under the Crown British did not have the privileges for out of home duty notwithstanding the fact they were senior to those of the same rank in the EIC.</span></p></div><div><span>This disparity in terms of special pay and privileges between two Armies, obviously had caused resentment and many cultural differences which led them to stand apart independently. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-86uSd3i9vFPVVVbqLp2E8Kva29l_naYn9LqIa0VadJILbW2LcANVotwt5YPQQgrtvFQWR_ePoIzPkSs95-KxsCWFBZos9NNi8x2Ru3uOfq6qACgthYkmPsmV75pC4-qB2-ER6XvvAloIS0rOku93C4VAmz0HjnNVg2hA1FKUOCbNKflmU_d0p0c3_Qw/s1280/maxresdefault%20(3).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-86uSd3i9vFPVVVbqLp2E8Kva29l_naYn9LqIa0VadJILbW2LcANVotwt5YPQQgrtvFQWR_ePoIzPkSs95-KxsCWFBZos9NNi8x2Ru3uOfq6qACgthYkmPsmV75pC4-qB2-ER6XvvAloIS0rOku93C4VAmz0HjnNVg2hA1FKUOCbNKflmU_d0p0c3_Qw/s320/maxresdefault%20(3).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lord Canning British India, youtube.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVIyRP7bQvOLbQm4vdXF6E5alRybX0M7CiQexZQkgTlU5QfsdfZIze8VzlF3DeURxyx29CbeKyM3pqgQFUvVAAIRaQemdIsPR0lMSrckBMufM0s6M1eJobajV-TGirPm-oH8co3DfSm79m4YyrjcxKI3YzKI7rcHjdNgRW5knEtwnINPcD1rzToLishKK/s363/Lord%20Canning%20First%20Viceroy%20of%20India.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="295" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAVIyRP7bQvOLbQm4vdXF6E5alRybX0M7CiQexZQkgTlU5QfsdfZIze8VzlF3DeURxyx29CbeKyM3pqgQFUvVAAIRaQemdIsPR0lMSrckBMufM0s6M1eJobajV-TGirPm-oH8co3DfSm79m4YyrjcxKI3YzKI7rcHjdNgRW5knEtwnINPcD1rzToLishKK/s320/Lord%20Canning%20First%20Viceroy%20of%20India.jpg" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gov. Gen. British India Lord Canning 3.bp.blogspot.com</td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div><div><span><i><b>The reasons for the resentment among the army men were as follows</b>:</i> </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>01. The attitude of the Gov. Gen. of India <i>Lord </i></span><span><i>Canning,</i> He never had served the procedural notice of transfer to the <i>"European Forces".</i> </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>02. Gov. Gen. Canning's failure to understand the legal interpretation of laws with respect to transfers in the army had an impact on the army men. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>03. The biased British media added more fuel to the fire by showing the </span><span>European Force in bad light and tagging them as 'undisciplined and are prone to mutinous tendency'. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>04. T</span><span>he legality of the transfer being clear and well established, both the British government and the Government of India ignored the right legal interpretations. </span></div><div><br /></div><div>05. With no solution at hand, the British government looked upon the brewing trouble between two British Armies as a growing threat to the empire and undermine the shaky British rule in India. </div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>06. </span><span>The Crown administration thought the the White mutiny was like a powder keg and if it is ignited this will incite the r</span>ebellion among the <i>"still excited population throughout India"</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><span>07.</span><span> </span>Soldiers under the 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry performed<i> "only guard and barrack duties"</i> and "refused to turn out for parade using <i>''mutinous language.'' </i></div><div> </div><div><span>The European Forces - officers and men demanded </span>either an enlistment bonus/bounty or release from their obligations. There were open rebellion and violent protest at some locations as they stood little chance to be enlisted in the Queens' Army. Finally, 10,116 men opted to return home, of whom only 2,809 re-enlisted..</div><div><br /></div><div>The British India government, thus averted a major revolt by the White soldiers that would have recreated yet another major rebellion. by the natives who were sore about the dishonesty and racial discriminatory attitude of the officers in the higher echelons of the administration. Field Marshal Colin Campbell sent the White Army to China in the <i>II opium war</i> and tried to subdue them when the revolt was on.</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_mutiny">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_mutiny</a></div><div><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Luckn">https://www.britannica.com/place/Luckn</a>ow</div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-35050178509296526272024-03-10T06:40:00.000-07:002024-03-10T06:40:44.026-07:00Nageswara temple complex, Begur, Karnataka built by Western Ganga Dynasty<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmTrFY0ORAddUw8O8dDUPSabav8VaHtYyDcT0dD8xsXNtpox1OKIb3BKeQuIRU3FdPXHnHEC5LPGGkd9tBc4SKo4nv1Bobqo0vfYgPUycvD11vHEql-_qLm5UwF_HKCDtCa1VDx_1BaM4RuI3bFRmbj6aeshOHL8nDVN0lNVPOcGiUYplNT9P1GYc6BPm/s5184/Naganatheshvara_Temple_(9th_century)_at_Begur,_Bengaluru.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmTrFY0ORAddUw8O8dDUPSabav8VaHtYyDcT0dD8xsXNtpox1OKIb3BKeQuIRU3FdPXHnHEC5LPGGkd9tBc4SKo4nv1Bobqo0vfYgPUycvD11vHEql-_qLm5UwF_HKCDtCa1VDx_1BaM4RuI3bFRmbj6aeshOHL8nDVN0lNVPOcGiUYplNT9P1GYc6BPm/s320/Naganatheshvara_Temple_(9th_century)_at_Begur,_Bengaluru.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Nageshvara temple,Begur,KA</span> en.wikipedia.org<span style="text-align: left;"><br /> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <span>Contracted during the reign of the rule of Western Ganga Dynasty Kings Nitimarga I (also called Ereganga Neetimarga, r. 843-870) and Ereyappa Nitimarga II (also called Ereganga Neetimarga II, r. 907-921) </span><span>t</span>he Nageshvara temple complex (two shrines of Nageshvara and Nageshvarasvami), Begur, close to Bengaluru, Karnataka is popular one and lots of devotees visit this temple on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri to get blessed by the primary god Shiva. <span>The later additions were made by other dynasties like </span> the Chola, Hoysala Dynasty and Vijayanagara Empire at different times enriching the temple design.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS1kSOgZycB_rNHu4LnwTx9afJcdUJCsw788uor4aLXA0-evTFcneeWHcuT8XOj02U8TXpF8SQuP21M_lkBhLiZ2SyvudkWTubv68Uzh8y273a_30EdlfF8VRZFoBTibZeD0fQ1k6St4MXoaBHKf7GoOZM9FGiQyuIkou3CSCzPzhR-Yk3T2I5wDysHrIJ/s800/Temple_at_Begur_(c.1868),by_Henry_Dixon,_from_the_Archaeological_Survey_of_India_Collections.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="800" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS1kSOgZycB_rNHu4LnwTx9afJcdUJCsw788uor4aLXA0-evTFcneeWHcuT8XOj02U8TXpF8SQuP21M_lkBhLiZ2SyvudkWTubv68Uzh8y273a_30EdlfF8VRZFoBTibZeD0fQ1k6St4MXoaBHKf7GoOZM9FGiQyuIkou3CSCzPzhR-Yk3T2I5wDysHrIJ/s320/Temple_at_Begur_(c.1868),by_Henry_Dixon,_from_the_Archaeological_Survey_of_India_Collections.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">1868 Nageshvara temple, Begur.KA </span>en.wikipedia.org<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The main deity -Shiva Linga is enshrined in the square shaped sanctum / garbhagriha which is connected to a "great closed hall" (maha-mantapa or navaragna) through <i>antarala-</i> vestibule and this takes you to the open hall (agra-mantapa). The open hall can be accessed via balustraded steps in the south-west and north-west corners. and north-west corners.<div><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucy8fcat8dmQOAhwwaZ5P44gDW_8RE2fIcv9Tu-SQS3rrkqhoyeQ35Pwc0ONHj8kM9zn1L3bpWrVTLboq8W6q8ANpZSy0hbmM-vGBZn588yNSZ0hPvaaL7-jiRfqfuoxacFIiIcy38_qk75B9H1SDUEdROuJJ3sWL63fOOHC10xRzhNYshN2Z76RloDMm/s768/2022-10-17.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjucy8fcat8dmQOAhwwaZ5P44gDW_8RE2fIcv9Tu-SQS3rrkqhoyeQ35Pwc0ONHj8kM9zn1L3bpWrVTLboq8W6q8ANpZSy0hbmM-vGBZn588yNSZ0hPvaaL7-jiRfqfuoxacFIiIcy38_qk75B9H1SDUEdROuJJ3sWL63fOOHC10xRzhNYshN2Z76RloDMm/s320/2022-10-17.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Nageshvara temple, Begur. KA</span> h3.googleusercontent.com<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The open hall the god's mount / vahana Nandi in sitting posture as in countless Shiva temples, facing the main shrine and is placed on padma-pitha -"lotus platform. The hall / matapam is not a big one and has many white granite pillars supporting the roof. Some are simple in design with fluted lower octagonal part.<p>The most attractive and fine artistic stone carvings of Western Ganga time can be seen on the ceiling of the closed hall called navaranga. The note-worthy feature is <i>the ashta-dik-palaka</i> -consisting if intricately carved sculptures set in a square grids. The images include which includes Uma-Maheshvara (the god Shiva with four arms) and his consort Parvati, Mahishasuramardini (a form of the goddess Durga), a rare Ganesh with two arms, and the ubiquitous Kalabhairava (a form of Shiva) as in many Shiva temples. TOne can notice carvings of creepers with ganas (mythological attendants of the god Shiva) in loops with lotuses (padma) on the vertical doorjamb and over it lies at the center of the lintel (lalata), an image of Gajalakshmi (a form of the goddess Lakshmi) with elephants on either side.</p><p>The<i> Nageshvarasvami temple</i>, also of Western Ganga period has </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX8Kho090_boBT79Ns-JLBFATM_XI8qVT1_HKO1oyWqTjxs0Phucoh29QEWruQwYTmlVTBJcLgj3qer3eDnYn3j0QBUNrPLReKwWXaSLm9zh2A1oPkUSdFcw1PQdK67yiHilSpUCOifIn3Pn5Yq5OANQ-MD7mCBKt5RFc4_CJQXMTnYDrjMNvgZmu1AAC_/s1000/Profile_of_Nandi_mantapa_in_Naganatheshvara_temple_at_Begur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX8Kho090_boBT79Ns-JLBFATM_XI8qVT1_HKO1oyWqTjxs0Phucoh29QEWruQwYTmlVTBJcLgj3qer3eDnYn3j0QBUNrPLReKwWXaSLm9zh2A1oPkUSdFcw1PQdK67yiHilSpUCOifIn3Pn5Yq5OANQ-MD7mCBKt5RFc4_CJQXMTnYDrjMNvgZmu1AAC_/s320/Profile_of_Nandi_mantapa_in_Naganatheshvara_temple_at_Begur.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Small hall with Nandi (bull) sanskritimagazine.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above image: Nageshvara temple complex, Begur, Karnataka.<b>.........</b> </p><p> a <i>detached hall called mukha-mantapa</i> with just 8 pillars and it seves as the Nandi mantapa facing the sanctum in square plan. The base of the entrance (dvara) has niches on either side with mythological images of river goddesses Ganga-Yamuna figures with attendant ladies highlighting the influence of Chalukya-Rashtrakuta reign.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nageshvara_Temple,_Begu">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nageshvara_Temple,_Begu</a>r</p><p><a href="https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/nageshvara-naganatheshvara-temple-in-begur-karnataka/">https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/nageshvara-naganatheshvara-temple-in-begur-karnataka/</a></p><p><br /></p></div></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-41856458943997898022024-03-09T09:01:00.000-08:002024-03-10T01:23:43.615-08:00Viranarayana temple complex, Belavadi, Karnataka, a sermon in stone<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgLXqar-Mc4yftsJX_Yt1JAi8CBMUdtovpE8qGuPZDLQNpIVcKedL_eU9rHVpsf0KldXmn-Oj1e-pdM0TOfR_xhkKSC7x6YnsndUaopNLng2aFsdPVqehz_hqWcxkFYfWqOiCnmDTtod5ov4JLFwfZEdGmXdMx7kZxJtjCzBBGopXLVGdXkpZ3Sly5yxm/s677/Sri_Veeranarayana_Temple_-_Belavadi_Vimana_of_Sri_YogaNarasimha.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="677" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgLXqar-Mc4yftsJX_Yt1JAi8CBMUdtovpE8qGuPZDLQNpIVcKedL_eU9rHVpsf0KldXmn-Oj1e-pdM0TOfR_xhkKSC7x6YnsndUaopNLng2aFsdPVqehz_hqWcxkFYfWqOiCnmDTtod5ov4JLFwfZEdGmXdMx7kZxJtjCzBBGopXLVGdXkpZ3Sly5yxm/s320/Sri_Veeranarayana_Temple_-_Belavadi_Vimana_of_Sri_YogaNarasimha.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Veeranarayana temple, Belavadi KA</span><span style="text-align: left;">,</span>en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The state of Karnataka has lots of Hindu temples and among them those that were built in Hoysala architecture are unique and attract lots of tourist for their aesthetically designed interiors, intricate sculptures, ornate gopuara, etc. This awe-inspiring architecture, gently deviated from the Dravida style of temples design became a prominent feature under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries and it is a historical and cultural legacy of the Karnataka region. </p><p>The <b>Veera Narayana temple,</b> also also known as the <b>Viranarayana temple </b>at Belavadi, close to Halebidu, Chikkamagaluru district came up around 1200 CE. Fairly well preserved you may call it a three temple complex with three separate sanctums square in plan accessible through a common large square Ranga-mandapa Three gods enshrined in the three sanctuaries are Veeranarayana with four arms carrying Shangu, Chakra, etc., on a Lotus pedestal with Sri Devi and Bhumi Devi,, Gopala (Krishna playing a flute), another form of Vishnu, and Yoga-Narasimha (yet another avatar of Vishnu, sitting in a yoga posture) facing east, north and south directions respectively. It is a Vaishnava temple and the main deity in the (central section) sanctum/ garbhagriha is 8 ft (2.4 m) tall stone idol of Narayana. The builder was Hoysala King Veera Ballala II and this one is the largest temple built by him.. Because of three garbhagriha (sanctums) or Sreckovil, there are three different prakara (Prathakshana path).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTip6anoK36VvAslZymCQM-KlQO0VLM4LIQ47N6cBbd15HoCuop2iqjvBFYsXOM_umET04DLUS1nOsCGrpvazsfzWrEZblsk2uquZZ1L8ETibKrmSKupY5_aOLs9thCCUlGF3miR7QGUms5OLR09lyEA94uYTznvKJ2oWmHwhLz8TEzG-y1KtBSlHoGwSO/s800/20200215_164302.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTip6anoK36VvAslZymCQM-KlQO0VLM4LIQ47N6cBbd15HoCuop2iqjvBFYsXOM_umET04DLUS1nOsCGrpvazsfzWrEZblsk2uquZZ1L8ETibKrmSKupY5_aOLs9thCCUlGF3miR7QGUms5OLR09lyEA94uYTznvKJ2oWmHwhLz8TEzG-y1KtBSlHoGwSO/s320/20200215_164302.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> God Yoga Narasimha, Belavadi temple.collectingmoments.in<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5auIL1lAgW4DIisPwa2jPnHLr3d0LT8gSxDCOtHPfOMIBVcBI-lXrIHf9ZpSDdoV_XbyxBFWWAjAEpy0-rQkm9b5WTwwIohMbOQmO9k5A4qi8MsTAfIEa9M3UWFsrX6P-VNXTY56Jbu-vLsuz-ByEXbTHEPMtdmAioDHrReoZKv5OY0hNG41Ft7dGMIPi/s800/20200215_164426-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5auIL1lAgW4DIisPwa2jPnHLr3d0LT8gSxDCOtHPfOMIBVcBI-lXrIHf9ZpSDdoV_XbyxBFWWAjAEpy0-rQkm9b5WTwwIohMbOQmO9k5A4qi8MsTAfIEa9M3UWFsrX6P-VNXTY56Jbu-vLsuz-ByEXbTHEPMtdmAioDHrReoZKv5OY0hNG41Ft7dGMIPi/s320/20200215_164426-1.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">God Krishna with flute Belavadi temple.collectingmoments.in<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizLgsU1BRYfFZhN9o_ZgZhOIDvA3vmg-mIXEv6pvkhOlhhgG1z7D1ttvw0M9ZcQ4_8McYGSgyHNShP3HZiXNujKBFCHKgGzXVHboMsWP4sPqtWBcMevEcvRBmgzN4wDAk8e2jjQdhyphenhyphen37KlkmlR4RsFxCaJF0QYaa_O3Imx-nPVSZo7tnUqd8_Gsi5Lrh1r/s800/20200215_164140.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizLgsU1BRYfFZhN9o_ZgZhOIDvA3vmg-mIXEv6pvkhOlhhgG1z7D1ttvw0M9ZcQ4_8McYGSgyHNShP3HZiXNujKBFCHKgGzXVHboMsWP4sPqtWBcMevEcvRBmgzN4wDAk8e2jjQdhyphenhyphen37KlkmlR4RsFxCaJF0QYaa_O3Imx-nPVSZo7tnUqd8_Gsi5Lrh1r/s320/20200215_164140.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">God Narayana, Belavadi temple.collectingmoments.in<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTu4piMFLeu3mkhfBHH4BCOUMh-ii1w7eYa1WXtxEny7SvOhGBtcsKvIMxeK7KjHl8gJG3h0QUyjt3sNTM-KBJNIl__jI-dmKFMVyn-4Fhtn9vIA3hqMaq3tg3fQ_UUjw1qZn6ylMplUclp1tDp-5MY6LiGC1WRn10bBwddGmbDlkeeh0C6Z-B2qIgSUY/s5184/View_of_front_right_shrine_with_rear_shrine_in_the_background_in_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTu4piMFLeu3mkhfBHH4BCOUMh-ii1w7eYa1WXtxEny7SvOhGBtcsKvIMxeK7KjHl8gJG3h0QUyjt3sNTM-KBJNIl__jI-dmKFMVyn-4Fhtn9vIA3hqMaq3tg3fQ_UUjw1qZn6ylMplUclp1tDp-5MY6LiGC1WRn10bBwddGmbDlkeeh0C6Z-B2qIgSUY/s320/View_of_front_right_shrine_with_rear_shrine_in_the_background_in_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veeranarayana temple Belavadi <span style="text-align: left;">KA en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Above image: <span style="text-align: center;">Veeranarayana Or Vira Narayana (god: Vishnu) temple Belavadi </span><span>KA </span> right shrine, rear shrine in the backdrop, It is a temple with three shrine -<b>Trikuta </b>built by Hoysala emperor in 1200 CE. photo credit; Dinesh Kannambadi<b>..........</b></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivbkFaUx5KBhek_J3TQ-7FiCI_mjXwiNaK3kQmvngv6xqBoSbIpiXP6gFu6bby4fdUol0wkBzhoZkDq-wqISLrAGEgZZauRBudZs6WvejoZONZ2foZYzX0alH_BO5Hk9sTcY5UsakgoBrS52Fo6vR_gp9int5aqP2yRniLVCY5AC-rGVr3NAoop_yDd3bD/s5184/Lathe_turned_pillars_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivbkFaUx5KBhek_J3TQ-7FiCI_mjXwiNaK3kQmvngv6xqBoSbIpiXP6gFu6bby4fdUol0wkBzhoZkDq-wqISLrAGEgZZauRBudZs6WvejoZONZ2foZYzX0alH_BO5Hk9sTcY5UsakgoBrS52Fo6vR_gp9int5aqP2yRniLVCY5AC-rGVr3NAoop_yDd3bD/s320/Lathe_turned_pillars_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">lathe-turned pillars Veeranarayana temple, Belavadi KA </span>wikipedia.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Being managed by the ASI the Archaeological Survey of India Bengaluru Circle, the Veeranarayana temple is a nationally protected monument of India for its grandeur architectural features carved from soap stones. The polished lathe turned pillars, nice carvings of jewels on the sculptures, ornate Shikara and amazing rock panels depicting episodes from the life of god Krishna. Such mind-boggling stone carvings are rare rare in other parts of state. <p>For unknown reasons the three temple complex was not built in the same period and additions were made at different time frame as evidenced by the newer parts with lesser height, connecting passages and plan of the cross section. The temple shows damages in some parts an part is it is obvious additional construction would have taken place before the damages that were likely to have been inflicted by raids from enemies. </p><p> The oldest part is tha Veeranarayana shrine built by 1200 CE, likely complete about 1200 CE. Subsequent additions included103 ft long Ranga-mandapa along with the shrines for Gopala and Yoga-Narasimha. The latter were built by 1206 CE. </p><p>The temple complex has two closed mantapas, one with thirteen bays and another with nine bays, at the end of which is a central shrine. The spacious hall has thirty seven bays.</p><p>The third shrine is an older one with plain inner walls but well decorated roof. The temple complex has fifty nine bays in all characteristic of many Hoysala polished lathe-turned pillars supporting the mandapas. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXnrsxLXRC34XreH1-RdsYPYgxG2bwBQ0i9vlFXd_pNZ4Ftuyar3_hOTF8zqSxgIENSeAUdtq5VFZi3MdGhrng1OocqJqWY0s5cx4R6ZfPX-3tNroNZHZWAc267xcC2mznpl5m6ok495Rzl1G09YlA4mKtgif5Suns3Hq1o3KJY_AHdV3mvq7xJnzpdtQc/s1600/Side%20View%20of%20Belavadi%20Veeranarayana%20Temple.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXnrsxLXRC34XreH1-RdsYPYgxG2bwBQ0i9vlFXd_pNZ4Ftuyar3_hOTF8zqSxgIENSeAUdtq5VFZi3MdGhrng1OocqJqWY0s5cx4R6ZfPX-3tNroNZHZWAc267xcC2mznpl5m6ok495Rzl1G09YlA4mKtgif5Suns3Hq1o3KJY_AHdV3mvq7xJnzpdtQc/s320/Side%20View%20of%20Belavadi%20Veeranarayana%20Temple.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veeranarayana temple Belavadiindianglobetrotting.blogspot.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx4Tu-_4GuKxPP1zbMaF7WoGv71JkbfSSzqrqY-pB1JwaiuLWQokc2xUA2G3yNMOJp5Zohh2AzgkzUYOFEMEcgWFOjLb5zZtsz2_fvfvqbjovSh9frq6H2-u_lu9Ad8OFXJfI9jZK84dN98TYsSv8XjyUaMfW474pRr4IhMAED0tzs5wh_joXNboX7qsd8/s1024/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Side7-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="1024" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx4Tu-_4GuKxPP1zbMaF7WoGv71JkbfSSzqrqY-pB1JwaiuLWQokc2xUA2G3yNMOJp5Zohh2AzgkzUYOFEMEcgWFOjLb5zZtsz2_fvfvqbjovSh9frq6H2-u_lu9Ad8OFXJfI9jZK84dN98TYsSv8XjyUaMfW474pRr4IhMAED0tzs5wh_joXNboX7qsd8/s320/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Side7-copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Veeranarayana temple Belavadi <span style="text-align: left;">KA</span> collectingmoments.in<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirz7TPc_XbGFER021OxREO7N6ZqPmeLBfTht_gxxFj-hHyQcgn0Fy4Zfp2PoEnne90F1pTh-yDCqKEIO-xlsiy6aUli_MHs0JpZGJCVUTrL1iPAF4fkCXy6NATyvOGbgPUFoYY9eF8wmHXU9LzbXi35okJiSg-_2oi_3ukLOklqqUBE6BL8b7YQpjVS0rz/s5184/Profile_of_the_outer_mantapa_and_a_shrine_in_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirz7TPc_XbGFER021OxREO7N6ZqPmeLBfTht_gxxFj-hHyQcgn0Fy4Zfp2PoEnne90F1pTh-yDCqKEIO-xlsiy6aUli_MHs0JpZGJCVUTrL1iPAF4fkCXy6NATyvOGbgPUFoYY9eF8wmHXU9LzbXi35okJiSg-_2oi_3ukLOklqqUBE6BL8b7YQpjVS0rz/s320/Profile_of_the_outer_mantapa_and_a_shrine_in_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">outer mantapa Veeranarayana temple Belavadi <span style="text-align: left;">KA en.wikipedia.org<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-align: center;">Above images: Veeranarayana temple Belavadi </span><span>KA</span><span style="text-align: center;"> - Note the<b> </b></span><b>eaves</b> running around the temple' outer wall (top image)but partial in the image below. Eaves refer to edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building...<b>..........................</b><p></p><p>The old-styled outer wall of the temple has eaves running around the temple where the superstructure meets the wall of the shrine. Below this there are are miniature decorative towers on pilasters (aedicule) and is followed by a second eves. A panel of Hindu deities and their attendants (frieze) are below this eves followed by a set of five moldings that form the base of the wall. The two newer shrines have a square sanctum, with one shrine square in plan while the other being star shaped (stellate).</p></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMiFEXe4yJHijNF9Jvsqp16_y7Pe5ewV58i0UlgVNgVFE0oNH5v9BR1Vf4MH9R6nsHydoOH8q96nTgFmdJ0AdRak8Rus6L_hAzIKBdQEsIkSaCQajj5nhM0X3g90lZUb3F2qya5ZeW9K0t4BFZa2_-wL_OLlSvwj1SbXABQcEpMq57bWsPdf5JU89SqcMc/s1600/Ceilings%20of%20Veeranarayana%20Temple%20Belavadi.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMiFEXe4yJHijNF9Jvsqp16_y7Pe5ewV58i0UlgVNgVFE0oNH5v9BR1Vf4MH9R6nsHydoOH8q96nTgFmdJ0AdRak8Rus6L_hAzIKBdQEsIkSaCQajj5nhM0X3g90lZUb3F2qya5ZeW9K0t4BFZa2_-wL_OLlSvwj1SbXABQcEpMq57bWsPdf5JU89SqcMc/s320/Ceilings%20of%20Veeranarayana%20Temple%20Belavadi.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">outer mantapa,ornate roof. Belavadi templecollectingmoments.in</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOmMGYp2kYoE4vvn06TnrWhzIMCXvYlIVzCBBpmRKGrcGZmXuRlqgvSfrIx6TO3FBoXvVk7hVANSt4e_Gle1UGZ7RmLcB32u0WDqWeEXpKpx2dx46D94jssBQtAx9YtV5_GY9IQumqdOm0obQ7XLy0cenN7oNjNR2FzQtJuzgkxpMOiqc54J2wqU5TMV4/s5184/Domical_bay_ceiling_art_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi_1.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOmMGYp2kYoE4vvn06TnrWhzIMCXvYlIVzCBBpmRKGrcGZmXuRlqgvSfrIx6TO3FBoXvVk7hVANSt4e_Gle1UGZ7RmLcB32u0WDqWeEXpKpx2dx46D94jssBQtAx9YtV5_GY9IQumqdOm0obQ7XLy0cenN7oNjNR2FzQtJuzgkxpMOiqc54J2wqU5TMV4/s320/Domical_bay_ceiling_art_in_outer_mantapa_of_Veeranarayana_temple_at_Belavadi_1.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">ornate roof, Veeranarayana temple, Belavadi KA </span>wikipedia.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The superstructureor or gopura over each of three shrines is connected to a low protrusion tower called<i> Sukanasi</i> that has two tiers of decorated miniature roofs. An interesting feature is all three shrines have fairly large and bold sculptured decoration on the towers that can be viewed from a distance.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZFR6fOuXhFTvO4EiojVL1v-qJ8kXH9Dc4LiM4YYsSlOU9g4llYzBpaiBbNZdgaUzpzBSdzhQd78PCHr9uvF0ubCyLRWCa6gUZx4ajXBheDnEoX_aaOU5xCmxRtn1ocYy5-9cEAyx5UQ0X207RRyUJg6jq02FV1taaA6f67HLekRP2O4v2U_c785lp2v2/s1024/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Side5-copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="684" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZFR6fOuXhFTvO4EiojVL1v-qJ8kXH9Dc4LiM4YYsSlOU9g4llYzBpaiBbNZdgaUzpzBSdzhQd78PCHr9uvF0ubCyLRWCa6gUZx4ajXBheDnEoX_aaOU5xCmxRtn1ocYy5-9cEAyx5UQ0X207RRyUJg6jq02FV1taaA6f67HLekRP2O4v2U_c785lp2v2/s320/Sri-Veera-Narayana-Swamy-Temple_Side5-copy.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ornate vimana,Veeranarayana temple, Belavadi collectingmoments.in</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Belavadi is 11 KM (7 mi) north of Halebidu, about 40 km (25 mi) north of Hassan city, and about 29 km (18 mi) SE of Chikmagalur town. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Narayana_Temple,_Belavadi">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Narayana_Temple,_Belavadi</a></p><p>h<a href="ttps://collectingmoments.in/veera-narayana-swamy-temple-belavadi">ttps://collectingmoments.in/veera-narayana-swamy-temple-belavadi</a></p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2020/09/the-veera-narayana-temple-belavadi-of.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2020/09/the-veera-narayana-temple-belavadi-of.html</a></p><p>h<a href="ttps://www.beontheroad.com/2020/11/belavadi-veeranarayana-temple-offbeat-hoysala-gem.html#">ttps://www.beontheroad.com/2020/11/belavadi-veeranarayana-temple-offbeat-hoysala-gem.html#</a></p></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-84544853782493878222024-03-08T08:08:00.000-08:002024-03-08T08:09:55.123-08:00The Stone House of Ooty, first European house built by John Sullivan - renovation is on!!<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcHIU5_krTYSVEiHkNaOhkLe-8zm-503Y36lRM1RwrulF30JI5nyVPwH-JbsACG3ujpMRRJYltSOVblmSPfar7nuo5wlaMWVD_2j0qFZ1YhLTbd4xJfpir9yye8GqTM2sGJkqylQVvZBzQQST6nDGnrhgeBp5sRqFXwLfxZnja-XN_W1pI4tQc5vrMEYv/s1200/10214_15_6_2023_13_52_3_2_SAT_2500.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcHIU5_krTYSVEiHkNaOhkLe-8zm-503Y36lRM1RwrulF30JI5nyVPwH-JbsACG3ujpMRRJYltSOVblmSPfar7nuo5wlaMWVD_2j0qFZ1YhLTbd4xJfpir9yye8GqTM2sGJkqylQVvZBzQQST6nDGnrhgeBp5sRqFXwLfxZnja-XN_W1pI4tQc5vrMEYv/s320/10214_15_6_2023_13_52_3_2_SAT_2500.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">renovation of stone house, Ooty, TN. thehindu.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Above image: The Stone House, fist ever European structure, in Ooty is on the Govt. Arts College premises. Renovation is on. (photo courtesy:<span style="text-align: center;"> thehindu.com).<b>................</b></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisg9hiXHeCw5vVjHqwts5-DmfkcCUJz518pvLArNVbEKmQb-ZirNaZt9PmtSRje3P8mqWlMBFzKqjZmsu7Uvniviem2gIfXsAKywJ0hgobUa1GCfgJ8PeB6csYGXgX9oJSXt63uiCty7d_QAEJC7QN_P-QLQ96ABuuqgrb8yDF5XD5Ej32fNxnAAUuxQdA/s750/stone-house-ooty-tourism-entry-ticket-price.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="750" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisg9hiXHeCw5vVjHqwts5-DmfkcCUJz518pvLArNVbEKmQb-ZirNaZt9PmtSRje3P8mqWlMBFzKqjZmsu7Uvniviem2gIfXsAKywJ0hgobUa1GCfgJ8PeB6csYGXgX9oJSXt63uiCty7d_QAEJC7QN_P-QLQ96ABuuqgrb8yDF5XD5Ej32fNxnAAUuxQdA/w320-h171/stone-house-ooty-tourism-entry-ticket-price.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stone House, Ooty, TNootytourism.co.in</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><b>The Stone House, </b>first ever colonial residence constructed in 1822-23 in Ooty, Nigiris hills is a historical and heritage site. The workers were mostly indigenous hill tribes - Thodas (who lived in upper Nilgiris) for John Sullivan, the then District Collector of Coimbatore, representing the Madras Presidency under the East India Company rule. When the construction work of his residence was on, Sullivan took keen interest in it because he liked the lush green hilly place and the serene ambiance around it. Further, the native tribes were of great help to him. He was the first English man to have ascended an unknown rugged mountain - Nilgris hill and discovered a lovely hill station for the European settlers who were very much troubled by the tropical weather on the plains, particularly, during the hot summer season. The Oak Tree close to the stone house, according to Venugopal Dharmalingam, honorary director of the Nilgiri Documentation Center, was ''<i>planted by Sullivan in 1823 to commemorate the construction of the “Stone House”. </i>The tree survived for around 180 years, but collapsed under its own weight in 2000. . </p><p>It all began with Keys and Mc Maho surveyors, who were assigned to survey and explore the new hill on orders from the Collector of Coimbatore John Sullivan. Upon their favorable report on the inclement weather, lush green hills with tall trees, reminiscent of English country side, Sullivan undertook the tough expedition up hill and was much impressed by the ambiance and serene environment with vast scope for outdoor activities. On his second trip to Dimbatty on the hill in 181,9 Sullivan lost no time to have a stone house built in Ooty in a picturesque place surrounded by greenery. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvwDBKr_ejCbKYurbxII-JPOz64IPHAUol5LjFQftz0QNzQ7-dVZCtabkBO7jkXfeNMuFKYMXKkcC6KlPa7BkZ7lRS6mTSTA95WJzLacWvmEPVL8rDVcj4dz1E0M1wZAv40bq1cTILL8kqBnTGlyB4B23tFsvkRGfqeFRsxipNoQ3n30SIiOlCCUoOqzN/s640/IMG_8248.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvwDBKr_ejCbKYurbxII-JPOz64IPHAUol5LjFQftz0QNzQ7-dVZCtabkBO7jkXfeNMuFKYMXKkcC6KlPa7BkZ7lRS6mTSTA95WJzLacWvmEPVL8rDVcj4dz1E0M1wZAv40bq1cTILL8kqBnTGlyB4B23tFsvkRGfqeFRsxipNoQ3n30SIiOlCCUoOqzN/s320/IMG_8248.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stone House built by Sullivan, Ooty. 1.bp.blogspot.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The workers of first European house were mostly indigenous hill tribes - Thodas (who lived in upper Nilgiris) for John Sullivan. The house itself set in a 5 acre spread and now the place is called <span style="color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif;"> </span><i style="color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif;"><b>Kannerimukku </b></i><span style="color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif;">where stands a two-story structure that houses the memorial and Museum.</span></p><p><span style="color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrPSZ4T4C8Bosjjjantqjq5bxRraUkLDmJfOZ3ddKzfuAFV34v4gg0agxHXYhGoBSR1wi3FOqZ0WOtwq9cw6UQmcQ_G6jcVRbD4awTw6KH_ef7V4j60DPC2fzcSEGyaz5SXBhAs4i8iyB462JPYJln63H8xslFw7uM0xQiLu5Zu3umT6zPPq1tFqbrXgwy/s768/Who-Found-Ooty-John-Sullivan.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: #282828;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="768" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrPSZ4T4C8Bosjjjantqjq5bxRraUkLDmJfOZ3ddKzfuAFV34v4gg0agxHXYhGoBSR1wi3FOqZ0WOtwq9cw6UQmcQ_G6jcVRbD4awTw6KH_ef7V4j60DPC2fzcSEGyaz5SXBhAs4i8iyB462JPYJln63H8xslFw7uM0xQiLu5Zu3umT6zPPq1tFqbrXgwy/s320/Who-Found-Ooty-John-Sullivan.webp" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Sullivan .<a href="http://wp.com/dbluehillianooty.com">wp.com/dbluehillianooty.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The historical "Stone House" on the premises of the Government Arts College in Udhagamandalam, had not been renovated since it was built. Consequently, many parts have fallen into disrepair and its dilapidated condition got the attention of the PWD wing. The good news is the Heritage Wing of the Public Works Department has now taken up the renovation work at an estimated cost of Rs. 8.2 crore. Now the renovation work is underway. </p><p>The renovation work of the Stone House was entrusted to a team of experts from Vellore city. They have decades of experience in renovation work related to colonial structures and heritage buildings. The renovation work moves slowly because of unpredicting climatic condition on the hill. PWD officials said, <i>“After work commenced, there was no progress for a few months due to heavy rain,” making the </i><i>the plaster on the walls fall off in pieces.</i></p><p><i></i>The crux of the matter is following the age old, traditional construction technique to match the one used in the colonial time, the lime plaster made with a blend of<i> kadukkai (gal-nut) and jaggery is to be transported uphill to the site from Coimbatore where the lime mortar is specifically prepared for the renovation.” </i>The official said on the hill fermentation process takes lots of time, so the blend is prepared in Coimbatore to be transported to Ooty in batches</p><div>As for wooden window panels, etc., because of time factor, age and changing climatic conditions, the wood is rotting and has to be replace in many places. As the college is functioning they can focus on one of the three structures of the <i>stone house</i> at a time. Anyway, the renovated stone house will be beneficial to the posterity to under the growth of Ooty, then one of the most prominent hill resorts in the British Empire.</div><p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/special-team-of-builders-from-vellore-renovate-nilgiris-first-colonial-bungalow/article66976125.e">https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/special-team-of-builders-from-vellore-renovate-nilgiris-first-colonial-bungalow/article66976125.e</a>ce</p><div><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2021/11/stone-house-very-first-one-in-ooty-hill.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2021/11/stone-house-very-first-one-in-ooty-hill.html</a></div><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2021/10/john-sullivan-founder-of-modern.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2021/10/john-sullivan-founder-of-modern.html</a></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-82009764880380366732024-03-08T01:18:00.000-08:002024-03-08T01:18:51.449-08:00 Cracks developed in Ripon building, Chennai after 2012 renovation - needs prompt attention<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7NKiMilauQGX9UQL7x8aU2L6ECK5opMdXeXV_RH6ohFVzsKW9e609N0wulixViMuK_v27UrSjQOje8S_gPekeY4XCX4pD7Z7FJhm-zFQPQqw7r8ESziAk9fbnoKJbzm_qkri2ggvJ6PZpnGgo8x9Trb6_sTSAJVUak1ponArP0sJMy6NpWQofKB6FpFa/s1200/CORPORATION%20RIPON%20BUILDING%20WALL%20CRACKS%20DAMAGE_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7NKiMilauQGX9UQL7x8aU2L6ECK5opMdXeXV_RH6ohFVzsKW9e609N0wulixViMuK_v27UrSjQOje8S_gPekeY4XCX4pD7Z7FJhm-zFQPQqw7r8ESziAk9fbnoKJbzm_qkri2ggvJ6PZpnGgo8x9Trb6_sTSAJVUak1ponArP0sJMy6NpWQofKB6FpFa/s320/CORPORATION%20RIPON%20BUILDING%20WALL%20CRACKS%20DAMAGE_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">cracks in the Ripon building, Chennai</span><span style="text-align: left;"> thehindu.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiuidqMT-kolQ1pHMA5gaxQ7xhPO63_fRl-P_un67Z1I0SilyaOCNYNSk921a4QglnaNVbzHzGMvIn8IH-gPLO5tW5BgHar9oELfeAEdp6wZ0LPFLRLWxdAm9Tbhmeq4ZCz3z_-lhzq-DG7IMRmVG_4PxfS198ha4r_eyi2gIQXEG3rIty8ikWphJvI0pc/s277/th%20(6).jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="277" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiuidqMT-kolQ1pHMA5gaxQ7xhPO63_fRl-P_un67Z1I0SilyaOCNYNSk921a4QglnaNVbzHzGMvIn8IH-gPLO5tW5BgHar9oELfeAEdp6wZ0LPFLRLWxdAm9Tbhmeq4ZCz3z_-lhzq-DG7IMRmVG_4PxfS198ha4r_eyi2gIQXEG3rIty8ikWphJvI0pc/s1600/th%20(6).jpeg" width="277" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">cracks in the Ripon building, Chennai</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Dec/24/wide-cracks-spreading-across-chennais-century-old-ripon-building-spark-concern-2080220.html" style="text-align: left;">newindianexpress.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div>The century-old 3- story all white colonial Ripon Building (built in 1913) near the MGR Central Railway Station, Chennai city named for Viceroy of British India Lord Ripon (1880 to 1884) developed cracks due to ongoing Chennai Metro Rail works, or it could be due to official apathy in maintaining the heritage structure. City Corporation officials claim the cracks, visibly prominent ones, started appearing only after 2012 when the CMRL began works on the underground stretch of metro rail. Till end of December 2019 the cracks are left unattended and they have spread to upper floors! Visitors claim that there are many cracks in the interior as well as on the outer walls. The widening cracks in the colonial structure seem to be a major cause of concern about its valuable heritage elements. Major conservation work was done in 2012-13 (cost:Rs.7.7 Cr) with guidance from experts belonging to INTACH, Madras Chapter, ASI and Archaeology state department. No doubt special care was taken by them as the building happened to be a classic example of Neo-classical, Indo-Saracenic and Gothic Corinthian styles - all blended together.</div><div> </div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkvQiwE4sNXZiS7tKjWQGlyvkGj8Za4BPYor5Sj8Q46FQqu6hE-hN8ZQ0xWmdpIPlQflFTn979swxwIzyKaMXFVplMGKfgZMcBw46Ig-v-lHyinu76ku6k2q8Z4gbbNDuWfoBH7-wsuy88B1YBb0JebzlnV2e-eQZvQAOTFs1WFELT5FXUnAHnMoiiRNRi/s400/66573961.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="400" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkvQiwE4sNXZiS7tKjWQGlyvkGj8Za4BPYor5Sj8Q46FQqu6hE-hN8ZQ0xWmdpIPlQflFTn979swxwIzyKaMXFVplMGKfgZMcBw46Ig-v-lHyinu76ku6k2q8Z4gbbNDuWfoBH7-wsuy88B1YBb0JebzlnV2e-eQZvQAOTFs1WFELT5FXUnAHnMoiiRNRi/s320/66573961.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">cracks in the Ripon building, Chennaiindiatimes.com</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p>Above image: City corporation puts sandbags to hold up a part of the 106-year-old Ripon Building, Chennai to stop further damages.... ..</p><p>According to the TOI report (Nov.11, 20180, ''<i>Every wall and room in the 106-year-old heritage building, s seat of the civic body, sports at least one crack, with some .employees saying the supporting structures in some parts are falling apart''.</i></p><p>Various media reports point out that the cracks developed in 2012 itself when Chennai Metro Rail Ltd (CMRL) began drilling near the historical building, but the cracks were promptly fixed. However in 2015, the cracks re-appeared and caused some anxiety to the civic officials and others involved in the rail project. Several of the minor cracks become bigger enough to seek the technical advice of the structural engineers. now. In 2016, a team from IIT Madras’s structural engineering department, upon study, suggested that the cause of cracks was due to drilling. However, no conclusive opinion was made by them. During the metro rail work was in progress in 2012, it was observed that countless buildings close to the line of work developed cracks in the walls, etc. Upon scrutiny, the corporation officials came to the conclusion that they could have been caused by leaks in the metro water pipe line along the route and the dampness could have weakened the buildings. </p><p>The civic body, the state and centra governments should look into this damages in the Ripon building, a legacy of the British in Chennai.</p><p><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Dec/24/wide-cracks-spreading-across-chennais-century-old-ripon-building-spark-concern-2080220.html">https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Dec/24/wide-cracks-spreading-across-chennais-century-old-ripon-building-spark-concern-2080220.html</a></p><p><span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-cracks-appear-in-ripon-buildings/article67234623.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-cracks-appear-in-ripon-buildings/article67234623.ece</a></span></p><p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ripon-buildings-cracks-up-again-corporation-looks-for-permanent-fix/articleshow/66573951.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ripon-buildings-cracks-up-again-corporation-looks-for-permanent-fix/articleshow/66573951.cms</a></p></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-31999036764297392192024-03-07T22:56:00.000-08:002024-03-07T22:58:49.784-08:00Maha Shivaratri festival of March 8, 2024 - many related fascinating rituals and beliefs<p><span>According to the Hindu calendar in every lunar month - there is a Shivaratri on the 13th night/14th day. But the one that falls once a year in late Winter - February/March, (</span><span><span>dark half of <i>Phalgun</i></span><i>)</i> before the arrival of Summer, assumes importance and is called <i><b>Maha Shivaratri</b></i>, meaning "the Great Night of Shiva". <i>This year Maha Shivaratri is celebrated on March 8th</i>.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR95VKbmi6aWdTEQ98BNsD3hRflbBwmr3PCFYVk_B6_sf87vmYY0t9VNm5QksAu5caoc6gR1USJFg3ZY3dRyCoPJt_srKCI5VjkBW7j7NXlH1xQVaJZ84T_CToLzOmhIzbPkI5hhp4q5Q3ZvnJouusEIGvfqpyBIFxNXuw-c3iPFyL-5xKdZ2PX6fInWBI/s1845/279793.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1054" data-original-width="1845" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR95VKbmi6aWdTEQ98BNsD3hRflbBwmr3PCFYVk_B6_sf87vmYY0t9VNm5QksAu5caoc6gR1USJFg3ZY3dRyCoPJt_srKCI5VjkBW7j7NXlH1xQVaJZ84T_CToLzOmhIzbPkI5hhp4q5Q3ZvnJouusEIGvfqpyBIFxNXuw-c3iPFyL-5xKdZ2PX6fInWBI/w400-h229/279793.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maha Shivaratri greetings, 2024 desicomments.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqY1DG0ytzq9V1CNfJD1mD5h7PNIuoXNrn1OKIrjKK3OkexZN5D9FOmrxq4qENEjoosm-27CXjufRyibFZkcV6-SBSFnRBsDWtONBI_FeSJzL7bbC0rAWRavfhof3CRjvd7pF1Wp1rV2dyN2qizbxbN4f86PuwOrcjejamzSiPWBqfOPpbk4SKXsCtCJJe/s1200/pngtree-happy-maha-shivratri-lord-shankar-trishul-png-image_5853527.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqY1DG0ytzq9V1CNfJD1mD5h7PNIuoXNrn1OKIrjKK3OkexZN5D9FOmrxq4qENEjoosm-27CXjufRyibFZkcV6-SBSFnRBsDWtONBI_FeSJzL7bbC0rAWRavfhof3CRjvd7pF1Wp1rV2dyN2qizbxbN4f86PuwOrcjejamzSiPWBqfOPpbk4SKXsCtCJJe/s320/pngtree-happy-maha-shivratri-lord-shankar-trishul-png-image_5853527.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maha Shivaratri. pngtree.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span> Shiva represents <i>Poornathvam</i> (completeness) and Mangalam (auspiciousness) meaning that He blesses his true devotees with everything that is good for them.</span></p><p><span><b>The following are some interesting rituals and beliefs associated with Maha Shivaratri: </b></span></p><p>01. <i>Worship of god Shiva: <br /></i><br /><span>Shiva's devotees worship Shiva in three ways - <i><b>aruvam</b> (</i>formless)<i>, <b>ooruvam</b> (</i>having a form<i>) and <b>Aruvaroovam</b> (lingam - </i>neither a form nor formless). Shiva is commonly being worshiped as Lingam and Maheswara Moorthis.</span></p><p>02. <i>Types of Shiva's temples: </i></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirTNm17s7INa01WzGjXZm1FAxsNyK4zAS7RnsM9tYcdE8aQi67njuGJNbSnvSBkE37eGxMIw32B4zWat-qg7WH51OmCSoX8n-1LLo2tJa4ryGWv_nSoscHNRrFGldhAf5x1gehClQfKYNTfYo97qPYPKGrAp-gyxOXH_B1sDy90C6u9BzmCbq0tyZrzgrV/s640/12391822_855875477858282_310088624469131759_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="640" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirTNm17s7INa01WzGjXZm1FAxsNyK4zAS7RnsM9tYcdE8aQi67njuGJNbSnvSBkE37eGxMIw32B4zWat-qg7WH51OmCSoX8n-1LLo2tJa4ryGWv_nSoscHNRrFGldhAf5x1gehClQfKYNTfYo97qPYPKGrAp-gyxOXH_B1sDy90C6u9BzmCbq0tyZrzgrV/s320/12391822_855875477858282_310088624469131759_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_r3" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="_ZR irc_hol i3724" data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjEu_iY2qvSAhVMv48KHU0CAXoQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedicbharat.org%2F2016%2F02%2Fpancha-bhoota-stalam.html&psig=AFQjCNFe7SXPUSTfrcvq42SfamjGxrB6Ng&ust=1488127790533382" data-noload="" data-ved="0ahUKEwjEu_iY2qvSAhVMv48KHU0CAXoQjB0IBg" href="https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjEu_iY2qvSAhVMv48KHU0CAXoQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedicbharat.org%2F2016%2F02%2Fpancha-bhoota-stalam.html&psig=AFQjCNFe7SXPUSTfrcvq42SfamjGxrB6Ng&ust=1488127790533382" rel="noopener" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #fe4f70; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wonderful Indian Architecture</span></a></span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table>Above image: Pancha Bootha sthalam in Tamil Nadu and Andhra. <br /><br /><span>There are Shiva temples across India representing certain aspects of his personality. They are called <i>'Sthalas</i>' dedicated to five elements (<i>Pancha Boothas</i>), five exotic <i>Thandavs (dances) - five sabhas </i>(mandaps / theaters); all are in Tamil Nadu. , Jyothirlingas (in the form of fire / Agni), Mukthi (salvation),etc., scattered across India.</span><p></p><p>03.<i> Parvati's worship of God Shiva:</i><br /><br /><span>On Shivaratri (night of Shiva), Parvathi, consort of Shiva, prays intensely to be with Him after a long separation. Impressed by her devotion and perseverance the lord finally </span><span>married Him on this occasion. </span></p><p>04<i>. Worship at Shiva temples:</i><br /><br /><span>On Shivaratri, pujas are conducted at temples all through night independently at four <i>Jaamams</i> (kaalam /timings) for the welfare and prosperity of the people and of nation. Devotees stay alive and and participate in the puja rituals without fail. </span>At Major Shiva temples across India, the Shiva Lingam is worshiped throughout the night by anointing it every three hours with milk, curd, honey, rose water, etc., amidst chanting of the Mantra ''<i>Om Namah Shivaya''</i>. Offerings of bael (Bilva leaves) leaves are made to the Lingam. as they are sacred; it is said, goddess Lakshmi resides in them. </p><p><span>05<i>. Night of prayer, meditation and worship:</i> </span><br /></p><p>The ‘Great Night of Shiva,’ Maha Shivratri is an auspicious festival considered for receiving Lord Shiva’s blessings and removing karma, and the long held belief has been that the energies of Lord Shiva are most accessible on this night. It marks the spiritual aspects of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world. It is observed by remembering Shiva and chanting prayers, fasting, and meditating </p><p>06. <i>Celestial wedding of Shiva and his consort Parvati:</i></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwpqyATvEuQo0xiMmfzdEUArEzxCVmUs3s6xx-um2OK824xmYop4Y3ZHVNV1vWptVVksmQQ91n8xeXBGBiQUn2yjXlm__7OYYBYeAdyhVa_i4w3NBQyTCdAPjheghnTVNiJPvaBtUFqSDSiJ8_RtPQT5vb74i9x8YNG_PpGkhoUwYvSXize9GiYtOaQGov/s2000/eb01.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="2000" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwpqyATvEuQo0xiMmfzdEUArEzxCVmUs3s6xx-um2OK824xmYop4Y3ZHVNV1vWptVVksmQQ91n8xeXBGBiQUn2yjXlm__7OYYBYeAdyhVa_i4w3NBQyTCdAPjheghnTVNiJPvaBtUFqSDSiJ8_RtPQT5vb74i9x8YNG_PpGkhoUwYvSXize9GiYtOaQGov/w400-h168/eb01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">s<span style="font-size: small;">hiva-Parvati celestial wedding. cdn.exoticindia.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Above image: Celestial wedding Scene of god Shiva and goddess Parvati - Kalyansundaram Panel. wooden crafting. Both soft and hard wood are used. Mahogany, Oakwood, Walnut wood, Weet cherry wood, etc., are preferred by sculptors because their fiber is hard. Sculpting is done by special tools like pointed chisel, mallet, gouge, etc..<b>.................. </b></p><p>The festival marks the celestial wedding of Shiva and Parvati; the latter has been away from him and is unable to bear the pangs of pains of marital separation. Maha Shivratri celebrates their union - of Shakti and Shivam and it is symbolic of the harmony of the mind and soul, as well as the convergence of masculine and feminine powers in the universe (aspects of Ardhanarisvara - half man and half woman(see image below).</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHFxMtoZeD2LPeamtRKltknE2niXUGr2oIs9LkNHWT-8InV2CKfb_BAWcN5CBtKOaowASyvYIqKX880FouzXCt22gtp6GITIhFHc4Dnpx0B92Ao7-zZwXMTFCpRb3Oa99QTQ4_F2Dt_zEw0RcLZdbfJLN9BAoIs4Fg-MT32TeRIE83dMFS6M79jUJJ4GED/s3000/il_fullxfull.3266044589_3fnj.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="3000" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHFxMtoZeD2LPeamtRKltknE2niXUGr2oIs9LkNHWT-8InV2CKfb_BAWcN5CBtKOaowASyvYIqKX880FouzXCt22gtp6GITIhFHc4Dnpx0B92Ao7-zZwXMTFCpRb3Oa99QTQ4_F2Dt_zEw0RcLZdbfJLN9BAoIs4Fg-MT32TeRIE83dMFS6M79jUJJ4GED/s320/il_fullxfull.3266044589_3fnj.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">bronze idol of Ardhanarisvara - </span>Shiva- Parvati. etsystatic.com</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>07.<i> Samudra Manthan (Churning of the mythological Milky Ocean):</i></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQD477cY1jHXAK4w43H3cxwUrmOeyqxty3i8V4oeIfCOXFWEAbDkocEmKxPq2Tma_PGVNcriIcEyEPRZsnf06BtCPv2qTQchoznKGOdr5wUD7FWrxJlMK1hRM0O7_l-xjD68PtVArBKKix-UBp_mve5G3tUOmx1alUk-gwGHTBJ3Ur_GTi-kU-1w1c8Ym/s449/samudra-manthan-CU09.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="449" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQD477cY1jHXAK4w43H3cxwUrmOeyqxty3i8V4oeIfCOXFWEAbDkocEmKxPq2Tma_PGVNcriIcEyEPRZsnf06BtCPv2qTQchoznKGOdr5wUD7FWrxJlMK1hRM0O7_l-xjD68PtVArBKKix-UBp_mve5G3tUOmx1alUk-gwGHTBJ3Ur_GTi-kU-1w1c8Ym/s320/samudra-manthan-CU09.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="text-align: left;">Odisha painting. Samudra Manthan</i><span style="text-align: left;">cdn.dollsofindia.com</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>While churning the ocean of milk by the Devas and Assuras to get the <b>Amrita </b>- <i>the nectar of immortality</i>, a pot of poison emerged from the ocean. To protect the world and people, Shiva consumed the poison, and Parvati, his consort held his throat to avoid swallowing it. but his throat turned blue due to the poison. Hence, Shiva is also known as Neelkanth (the one with the blue throat). Maha Shivratri symbolizes this act of saving the universe.</p><p>08<b style="font-style: italic;">.</b><i> Shiva’s Cosmic Dance:</i> </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmnY91Xj5f91cELVHZPIfk_IRQb1XDWjbp9-yg-_zBLvhlKQBQW6q2Parcp5xgxe8imKlUnELOS1cwR9XOM2SZtYaFQo7IAsyewzlgKe1FCspkKAr9_K4GNIQUHA27LkXmNYSOchSRoUk0icZpb9-UX_7vWPxf-NeWf6kwHckGjafkycY-9cN_pp59UeiR/s640/3673001211_30815ff0ff_z.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmnY91Xj5f91cELVHZPIfk_IRQb1XDWjbp9-yg-_zBLvhlKQBQW6q2Parcp5xgxe8imKlUnELOS1cwR9XOM2SZtYaFQo7IAsyewzlgKe1FCspkKAr9_K4GNIQUHA27LkXmNYSOchSRoUk0icZpb9-UX_7vWPxf-NeWf6kwHckGjafkycY-9cN_pp59UeiR/s320/3673001211_30815ff0ff_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cosmic dance of God Shiva travelsnwrite.com</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Above image: The cosmic dance took place in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, South India..<b>...................</b><p></p><p>Often called Cosmic dancer, during Maha Shivratri, it is believed, Lord Shiva enthralls his devotees and others by performing the heavenly <i>cosmic dance of creation, preservation, and destruction </i> called <b>tandava</b>, and it symbolizes the natural processes of the cycle of creation, preservation, and dissolution in the universe, thus establishing an equilibrium among them. The natural process in the universe and on the earth even today continue unabated. </p><p>09.<i> Formless entity:</i></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYOxsPTKycBAm0e-8VeDZyplxzbNp6f1oXMaXT_nIWPTOkpnBHhiVOjc-So5RMwM8V6JMr3vLFic1ANHnE4U8zbq3A0ICNFFZJGlT-wfJu_Azi1_NtT9mcXAHcZNyP0OPdE9PfzC82Kvf_QqqQyO2gZB8lp4Y4TnDx4p3hWAUhbyRSAo0uGa7SWJbOKep/s507/507px-ShivaLingam_new.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="507" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYOxsPTKycBAm0e-8VeDZyplxzbNp6f1oXMaXT_nIWPTOkpnBHhiVOjc-So5RMwM8V6JMr3vLFic1ANHnE4U8zbq3A0ICNFFZJGlT-wfJu_Azi1_NtT9mcXAHcZNyP0OPdE9PfzC82Kvf_QqqQyO2gZB8lp4Y4TnDx4p3hWAUhbyRSAo0uGa7SWJbOKep/s320/507px-ShivaLingam_new.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Formless Shivalinga en.wikipedia.org</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Above image: The icon is regarded to represent the Parashiva and Parashakti aspects of Shiva and Parvati and their union<b>...............</b></p><p>Shiva Lingam: An abstract or aniconic representation of god Shiva. Another significant aspect of Maha Shivratri relates to the worship of the Shiva Lingam, representing Shiva’s formless aspect. The various parts of Shiva Linga symbolize the merging of microcosmos and macrocosmos, the divine eternal process of destruction, creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence.</p><p>10. <i>Path of liberation</i>; </p><p>Legends say that on this day, Shiva manifested as a lingam for the first time. Devotees observe fasts, perform rituals, and offer milk, water, bel leaves, and fruits to the Shiva Lingam, seeking blessings for well-being and moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). It’s an opportunity to reflect, reconnect with the divine, and embark on a path of spiritual growth.</p><p>11.<i> Aspects of holy union of Shiva and his consort: </i></p><div>As some also view it as the holy union of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, it represents the perfect balance of power and energy. Others recall the story of Lord Shiva protecting the world from darkness by consuming deadly poison that surfaced during the cosmic ocean’s churning, highlighting how this spiritual journey can lead to liberation from the endless cycle of birth and death. As for his consort Parvati how she saves him from the impending death by holding the potent poison in the neck. </div><p>Maha Shivratri is celebrated across India with different local customs and traditions. In northern states, devotees fast and visit Shiva temples, while in southern states like Tamil Nadu, grand celebrations at Thiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, etc., are observed. Girivalam- going round the Arunachala hill with barefoot by thousands of devotees at Thiruvannamalai is an impotent ritual during this period. In the western Indian state of Maharashtra, people chant prayers and offer thandai. In West Bengal and Odisha, unmarried girl devotees fast for a suitable husband and happy married life. Traditional dance festivals or performances are held at famous temples like Nataraja temple, Chidambaram, TN, Konark, Khajuraho, Odisha</p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/02/mahasivaratri-worship-important-facts.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2018/02/mahasivaratri-worship-important-facts.html</a></p><p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/when-is-maha-shivratri-2024-9200234/">https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/when-is-maha-shivratri-2024-9200234/</a></p><p><a href="https://travelsnwrite.com/dancing-shiva-of-chidambaram-where-science-meets-spirituality/">https://travelsnwrite.com/dancing-shiva-of-chidambaram-where-science-meets-spirituality/</a></p><p><a href="https://www.navrangindia.in/2019/03/shivaratri-festival-dedicated-to-lord.html">https://www.navrangindia.in/2019/03/shivaratri-festival-dedicated-to-lord.html</a></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Navrang Indiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10246741475959951294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274938273148772169.post-72304826807842033142024-03-07T17:30:00.000-08:002024-03-07T17:32:23.911-08:00Maha Shivaratri - Why is this annual festival popular among the Hindus?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjcVagBbOfMuisdQ7b9EKcyhCXDhLZ4QnW1rwGsVMr8g_Xn6HCY-r4EDc1woKE561t2_nR_E55dtaVGKE3v0tbFrw68t6RCPXRm1GvIANBCNWjOQ7T8GYQblTLHQH7pLT-mNLR5lhn6ql0Z8kRd0uuUV6VZM2QBCvl3NBooyu311rEaIQX3GzOHiRH20Z/s474/th%20(7).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="158" data-original-width="474" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjcVagBbOfMuisdQ7b9EKcyhCXDhLZ4QnW1rwGsVMr8g_Xn6HCY-r4EDc1woKE561t2_nR_E55dtaVGKE3v0tbFrw68t6RCPXRm1GvIANBCNWjOQ7T8GYQblTLHQH7pLT-mNLR5lhn6ql0Z8kRd0uuUV6VZM2QBCvl3NBooyu311rEaIQX3GzOHiRH20Z/w400-h134/th%20(7).jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">.jaarkalender.nl</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span>Among the Hindu festivals Maha Shivaratri, dedicated to one of the Trinity gods </span><span>Lord Shiva</span><span> is an important annual festival celebrated across Indian to honor the almighty. An embodiment of Pascha boothas - five essential natural elements that living things need to sustain lives on this earth, one of his role being the destroyer and transformer within the Trimurti.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span><i><b>Maha Shivaratri,</b></i> an auspicious Hindu festival dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva falls on the 13th night/14th day of the 11 Hindu month of Phalguna or Magha every year. Lord Shiva is one among the three primary gods in the Hindu pantheon and is entrusted with the work of destruction and protection. It is celebrated not only in India but also in many parts of the world where Hindus live.</span><br />
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<span><i>What are the reasons behind in celebrating Maha Shivaratri</i>?<br />Hindu festivals are celebrated for some valid and logical reasons and some have moral and philosophical overtones. As far as Maha Shivaratri is concerned, it is believed, <i>its origin is 5th century.</i> There is no dearth of mythological stories as to the celebration of this festival.; the fundamental belief is Shiva is formless and endless. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.</span><br />
<span>On the day of Maha Shivaratri at midnight the formless God appeared in the form of “<i>Lingodbhav Moorti</i>”. The whole night the devotees offer continuous prayer to the lord. The reason why they stay awake to keep an eye on the lord is once the god swallowed the poisonous scum </span><span><span>(Kalakootam</span>) emerged from the celestial ocean that was churned by the <i><b>Assuras </b></i>on one side and Devas on the other side. The deadly poison was issued out of the giant snake <i>Vasuki </i>that was used for churning the ocean. The poison was a threat to the Devas. So, God Shiva held the poison in his throat (to avoid slipping it into his stomach) to save the people from death. Further, the lord also saved the earth from destruction that might have been caused by the Assuras - demons. </span><span><span>The Lord's throat turned blue due the poison held there. Hence, Shiva is often referred to as <i><b>Neelakandan</b></i> (blue-colored throat), a common name among the Shaivites of Tamil Nadu. </span>The Shiva devotees keep vigil at night and offer prayers to the Lord to prevent him from dozing off as the poison might have sedative effects on him and it might get into his stomach. </span><br />
<span><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span>Saddened by the separation of Shiva and Sakthi, the news of Shiva's reunion was a joyous celebration for his devotees. So, Shivaratri marks the reunion/wedding of Shiva and Parvati. Particularly married women consider Mahashivaratri as an auspicious night for them and engage in prayer to get blessed with long happy married life, while unmarried girls pray to god to be blessed with an ideal husband who would give them life-long security and happy peaceful family life. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span><i>With respect to offerings to the lord during Mahashivaratri, Shiv Purana mentions the following items:</i><br /><br />Anointing or bathing of the Shiva Linga preferably with holy water, milk, a mix of sandal paste and water, and honey. As common in all Shiva shines, Bilva leaves or garlands of bilva are offered to the lord. Flower decoration with Vermilion mark is done after bathing. </span><span><span><i>Rudra Abhishekam </i>is also done in some places. </span>Devotees doing this simple offering will be blessed with longevity and peaceful life, beside salvation. Different kinds of fruits are also made as offerings. It will be good if devotees living near rivers like Krishna, Godavari, Ganga, Cauvery, etc., can bathe in the river water and visit the nearby temples</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span>.</span><br />
<i><span><b>There are five kinds of Shivaratri: </b></span></i></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b><i><br /></i></b>
<span><b>Nithya Shivaratri:</b> Every month falls on Krishna Paksha or Sukla Paksha Chaturthasi. Devotees can celebrate Nithya Shivaratri continuously 24 times (twice a month) in a year.</span><br />
<span><b>Paksha Shivaratri</b>: It falls in the Tamil moth of <i>Thai</i> -Krishna paksha Prathamai, first 13 days. You have to eat only once for 13 days and on the 14th day, you have do fasting (<i>upavaasam</i>) the whole day. (Note: from health point of view it is good).</span><br /><span><b> Maatha Shivaratri:</b> It comes in every month. <i>Chitra</i> month (Apr-May) : Krishna Paksha Ashtami. <i>Vaikasi</i> month (May-June) : Suklapaksha Ashtami. <i>Aani</i> (June-July) month: Sukla Paksh Chathurthi. </span><span><span><i>Aadi </i>month (July-Aug): Krishna paksha Panchami.</span> <i>Avani</i> month (Aug-Sept.): Sukla Paksh Astnami. <i>Puratasi</i> month (Sept.-Oct): Sukla Paksha Thridasi. Iypaasi month (Oct-Nov): Sukla paksha Dwadasi. <i>Karthikai</i> month (Nov-Dec): Sukla paksha Sapthami. <i>Margazhi </i>month (Dec. Jan); Sulka paksha Chathurthi. <i>Thai</i> month (Jan-Feb); Sukla Paksha Thiruthi. <i>Maasi</i> month (Feb-Mar): Krishna Paksha Chathurthi. <i>Panguni</i> month (Mar-Apr.): Sulka paksha </span><span>Thiruthi.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span>\<br /></span><span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="_r3"><a class="_ZR irc_hol i3724" data-cthref="/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiM7dG34KrSAhXJuo8KHcEBBAcQjB0IBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdevgogoi.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F02%2F20%2Fmahashivaratri%2F&psig=AFQjCNHm2ORMcxeQu1mv8wc8nta6rzSjQg&ust=1488095005758969" data-noload="" data-ved="0ahUKEwiM7dG34KrSAhXJuo8KHcEBBAcQjB0IBg" href="https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiM7dG34KrSAhXJuo8KHcEBBAcQjB0IBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdevgogoi.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F02%2F20%2Fmahashivaratri%2F&psig=AFQjCNHm2ORMcxeQu1mv8wc8nta6rzSjQg&ust=1488095005758969" rel="noopener" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr"><span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Big Temple and Mt Arunachala on Mahashivara</span>Dev Gogoi's Photography Blog</span></a></span></span></b></td></tr>
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<br /><span><b>Yoga Shivaratri:</b> It<b> </b>falls on Somavara day - Monday if Ammavasai last the whole of day and night. Yoga Shivaratri puja is good for the family and for the business endeavors, etc.</span><br />
<span><b>Maha Shivaratri:</b> Most of the Shivaratris fall on Chathuthasi, viz. before Amavasya or Purnima (full moon day). Chathurthi falls on the 14th day. According to Sastras Chsthurthi day is an auspicious day for the worship of Shiva. </span><br /><br /><span>Maha Shivsratri is an auspicious occasion for the devout Hindus to receive Lord Shiva’s blessings and to reduce the burden of inevitable '<b><i>'karma''</i></b> which humans can not avoid, but can subdue its tll effects on them. The belief has been that the energies of Lord Shiva are most accessible on this night. </span><span>It is also </span><span>a day and night of fasting,</span><span> meditations, during which devotees worship Lord Shiva and meditate on ethics and virtues such as honesty, non-injury to others, charity and forgiveness focusing on spiritual prowess and mental strength. It provides an opportunity to overcome </span>darkness and ignorance" in life and tread the path of righteousness in our life. The festival is the time to purify body, mind and soul and hope for fresh beginnings.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Ardent devotees stay awake throughout this night ad engage in meditation and prayers. Across India Hindus never fail to visit the near-by Shiva temple or go on a pilgrimage to the Jyotirlingams. </div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p>This year 2024, Maha Shiratri is celebrated on March 8th,on a grand scale at many famous Shiva temples. The following are the specific timings for various significant rituals:</p><p>Chaturdashi Tithi begins at: 09:57 pm on 8 March 2024</p><p>Chaturdashi Tithiends at:06:17 pm on 9 March 2024</p><p>Nishita Kaal Puja: 2:07 am to 12:56 am on 9 March 2024</p><p>Shivaratri Parana: 06:37 am to 03:29 am</p><p>Maha Shivratri 2024: Mythological History</p></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri</a><br /><br />
<span></span><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/maha-shivratri-2024-date-history-significance-and-celebrations-of-the-festival-101709715407029.html">https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/maha-shivratri-2024-date-history-significance-and-celebrations-of-the-festival-101709715407029.html</a><br />
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